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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Religion |
a set of rituals rationalized by myth |
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creation myths are |
universal |
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the practice of religion |
-participation in religious ceremonies -brings sense of personal transcendence, reassurance, security -creates a feeling of closeness to fellow participants |
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all religions have |
supernatural beings and powers |
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Hallmark of religion |
belief in supernatural beings and forces |
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3 types of supernatural beings and forces believed by religions |
1) Gods and Goddesses 2) ancesteral spirits (spirit is freed at death) 3) spiritual beings (animism) |
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animism |
belief in spirit beings thought to animate nature |
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collection of gods= |
pantheon of gods (polytheistic, monotheistic) |
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animatism |
belief in interpersonal supernatural powers |
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myths |
sacred narratives explaining how the world came to be in its present form |
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Claude Levi Strauss |
french anthropologist famous for researching myths |
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fastest growing faith community in the world |
islam |
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priests and priestesses |
-full-time religious specialists -members of a recognized religious organization -source of power is the institution they represent |
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Shamans |
-part time religous specialists dealing with supernatural -acquire power individually -act on behalf of clients -can heal |
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Religion in action |
-means by which persons relate to the sacred -serve several functions |
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two major types of rituals |
-rites of passage -rites of intensification |
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rites of passage |
ritual that marks important transitions of life eg: birth, marriage. |
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rites of intensification |
ritual that marks group occassions |
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anthropologists don't separate magic from _____________ |
religion |
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magic |
-attempts to control the supernatural -magical practices are often a part of religious rituals |
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western culture and magic rituals |
eg: sports rituals, step on a crack, knock on wood |
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sir James Frazier |
one of the first anthropologists to study magic |
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2 kinds of magic |
-imitative magic -contagious magic |
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imitative magic |
like producing like eg: voodoo dolls, draw a pic of an animal and show how you kill it (arrow) |
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contagious magic |
based on the principle that being once in contact can influence another after separation (hair, nail clippings) |
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witchcraft |
belief that individuals may possess psychic powers |
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Ibibio witchcraft |
-misfortune due to witches -substance provides power -may be used unintentionally |
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neo-paganism |
-modern pagan religions are reffered to collectively as neopaganism |
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wicca |
one of the better known neo-pagan religions |
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reconstructionist religions |
modern day revivals of ancient pagan religions |
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functions of religions |
-provides an orderly model of the universe -sanctions a wide range of conduct -sets precedents for acceptable bahaviour |
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revitalization movement |
-deliberate efforts to construct a more satisfying culture |
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2 types of art |
-high art or fine art -popular art |
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high art or fine art |
done by fully trained artistic professionals (expensive) |
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popular art |
art anyone can do eg: craft fairs |
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purposes of art in other cultures |
-political -expressed cultural identity eg: tattoos |
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artistic behaviour is basic to all human |
expression |
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anthropologists examine how people express their _________, __________, and _____________ through art |
social structure cultural patterns |
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no word for _____ in aboriginal languages |
art |
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aboriginal art |
-encompasses all the aboriginal cultural experience -incorporates the continuity from past to present |
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folklore |
verbal art -19th century term referring to European peasant oral traditions -not used by anthropologists today because of implications that it is not fine art |
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Folkloristics |
study of folklore allied to, but separate from anthropology |
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3 types of narratives |
myths legends tales |
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myths |
-provide a rationale for religious beliefs and practices -expresses part of a people's world view |
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legends |
-stories told as true and set in the post creation world -no known author -exists in multiple versions |
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tales |
fictive narratives for entertainment -illustrates local solutions to universal ethical problems (3 little pigs) |
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Motif |
- story situation in a tale -similar motifs often widespread but have local variations |
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poetry |
bedouins words of songs |
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drama |
poetry and stories recited with gesture movement and props |
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ethnomusicology |
-study of music in its cultural setting (drum is most common instrument) |
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music |
nonverbal communication; transmits emotions rather than ideals |
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Rhythm |
-European music uses melodic lines based on 12 equal steps -arabic/ east indian= 24 |
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functions of music |
-assists communication with spiritual world -furthers political agendas -powerful identifier of background -affects emotional states -entertainment |
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visual art |
conveys political, cultural and social messages |
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2 forms of visual art |
-representational (imitating nature) -abstract (basic patterns of nature, based on culture) |
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Canadian visual art |
-wide variety of artistic expressions -trends over past century -first nations art forms -inuit art |
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petroglyphs |
a rock carving (carving done on rock) |
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pictographs |
paintings on rock |
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body art |
-an ancient custom that takes many forms -creates sense of communication |
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applied anthropology |
-the application of anthro data, perspective theory and methods |
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biological anthropologists |
work in public health, nutrition, genetic counceling, substance abuse, epidemiology |
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applied archaeologists |
locate, study and preserve prehistoric and historic sites threatened by development |
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cultural anthropology |
work with social workers, buisness people, advertising professionals |
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linguistic anthropologist |
frequent work with schools in districts with various languages |
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3 views of applied anthropology |
-the ivory tower -the schizoid view -the advocacy view |
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the ivory tower applied anthropology view |
view contends that anthropologists should avoid practical matters and focus on research |
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the schizoid applied anthropology view |
view that anthropologists should carry out, but not make or criticize policy |
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the advocacy applied anthropology view |
argues that since anthropologists are experts on human problems and social change they should make policy affecting people |
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the baby formula controversy |
Nestle linked between advertising physical and psychological advantages versus reality of women in developed nations |
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disability studies |
-disability community is broad and diverse -applied anthropologists contribute to the needs of the disabled as a separate cultural group |
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Salvage archaeology |
-Cultural resource management -CRM employs 70% of all archaeologists in NA |
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heritage conservation act |
protects archaeological sites after 1840s |
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development anthroplogy |
-need variable skills to assess impacts from large projects -often work in teams and come from different subfields -case of china's three gorges hydroelectric dam |
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ecotourism |
-have people come into your are and leave without any negative effects |
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museology |
anthropologists that are trained for museums |
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museology |
anthropologists that are trained for museums |
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ultimate source for change is _____ |
innovation |
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primary innovations or inventions |
is an accident or a chance discovery eg: pottery |
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secondary innovations or deliberate applications |
trying to invent things eg: man on the moon |
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innovation |
-factors of adoption |
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diffusion |
-spread of customs or practices between cultures -borrowed elements |
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cultural loss |
-change due to disappearance of a cultural trait -eg: middle east chariots and carts replaced by camels because they are better in sand |
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3 factors of change |
1) innovation 2) diffusion 3) cultural loss. |