Anthro Final

Front 1

visible and behavioral expression of sex chromosomes

Back 1

influenced by:

-embryonic development

-how physiology transmits hormones to cells/tissues

-other biological processes

Front 2

dichotomous category

Back 2

female-male

not everyone identifies with this on the basis of their genes

Front 3

sexual dimorphism

Back 3

physical differences based on genetic differences between females/males

most men are stronger than most females

Front 4

cultural construction of gender

Back 4

the characteristics a person attributes to male/female are culturally (not biologically) defined

different cultures have distinctive ideas about males and females and use these ideas to define manhood/masculinity and womanhood/femininity

Front 5

Hau of Papua New Guinea

Back 5

-patrilineal, horticulture people

-recognize female-male differences that normally aren't recognized

-"nu" = life-giving substance (real, physical) associated with growth and maturity

-can be gained (from others) and lost

-both gaseous (breath) and liquid (blood, semen)

-women have a lot and men don't have as much

Front 6

Papau New Guinea (cont)

Back 6

-becoming "like woman" or "like man" after certain stages of life or life events

-figapa-kakora: people that are classified as female or male by their genitalia but also seen as the opposite sex for certain reasons, too

-men avoid women b/c of contamination

Front 7

multiple-gender identities

Back 7

definitions of sexual identities beyond female and male duality; including third and fourth genders such as man-woman or woman-man

Front 8

Navajo

Back 8

welcomed third-gender persons

had specialized jobs

a child who showed inclination for the work of the opposite sex was considered by others to be suited for an alternate gender role

Front 9

"Two Spirits"

Back 9

Native American term for having both man and woman spirits

masters of ceremony, medicine men

Front 10

Euro-American contact with Native Americans

Back 10

legal/social punishment was placed upon those in third/fourth gender roles

Front 11

Hijra of India

Back 11

most are people born with male genitals who have chosen to undergo an operation that removes their testicles/penis

culturally constructed third gender

maintain relationship with their families

Front 12

androgynous

Back 12

having male and female characteristics

Front 13

Hijra (cont)

Back 13

hijra dance at ceremonies

becoming a hijra provides security--both social and economic

hijra occupy a niche in Hindu society (economic security)

Front 14

Hijra (cont)

Back 14

hijra perform at ceremonies in groups of 3-5

typically, hijra are unhappy with the amount of payment and threaten to curse the family they are performing for

Front 15

gendered (sexual) division of labor

Back 15

kinds of productive activities assigned to women vs men in a culture

perhaps tasks are assigned in such a way that the members of each sex do what they are physically able to do best (dimorphism)

Front 16

fertility maintenance

Back 16

strenuous, prolonged physical exercise by women leads to lowered body fat and hormonal changes that lead to female fertility, so most strenuous tasks are done by males

Front 17

reproductive roles

Back 17

populations need relatively few adult males to sustain numbers, so society protect females by assigning hazardous tasks to males

Front 18

physical strength

Back 18

most men are stronger than most women, so taks requiring greater strength generally are performed by males

Front 19

child care compatibility

Back 19

women are universally bearers and primary caregivers of young children, so females tend to perform those tests that can be combined most effectively with child care

Front 20

gender stratification

Back 20

degree to which males and females are unequal in dimensions such as status, power or influence, access to valued resources, eligibility for social positions, and ability to make decisions about their own lives

Front 21

male/female physical difference affect gender roles and relationships

Back 21

differences matter in different ways and to different degrees in each culture

two most important: sexual dimorphism and reproductive physiology (both affect who performs economic tasks and childcare responsibilities)

Front 22

"cultural construction of gender"

Back 22

biological (genes)- determines person's sex

gender- culturally constructed

Front 23

three most important influences on gender stratification

Back 23

-women's relative contributions to subsistence

-women's ability to control key resources

-the pattern of descent and postmarital residence

these are relevant for gender equality in the twenty-first century

Front 24

kin group

Back 24

a group of people who culturally view themselves as relatives, cooperates in certain activities, and share a sense of identity as kinfolk

Front 25

nuclear family

Back 25

family consisting of a married couple and their offspring

Front 26

extended family

Back 26

culturally recognized relatives of varying degrees of distance

Front 27

household

Back 27

a domestic group, or people who live in the same place and share assets and certain responsibilities

Front 28

fictive group

Back 28

condition in which people who are not biologically related behave as if they are relatives

Front 29

incest taboo

Back 29

prohibition against sexual intercourse between certain kinds of relatives

Front 30

exogamous rules

Back 30

marriage rules prohibiting individuals from marrying a member of their own social group or category

Front 31

endogamous rules

Back 31

marriage rules requiring individuals to marry some member of their own social group or category

Front 32

monogamous

Back 32

each individual is allowed to have only one spouse at a time

Front 33

polygyny

Back 33

one man is allowed to have multiple wives

Front 34

polyandry

Back 34

one woman is allowed to have multiple husbands

Front 35

group marriage

Back 35

several women and several men are married to one another simultaneously

Front 36

polygamy

Back 36

multiple spouses (general category)

-polygyny

-polyandry

Front 37

marriage alliances

Back 37

relationships created between families or kin groups by virtue of intermarriage between them

Front 38

levirate

Back 38

customer whereby a widow marries a male relative (usually a brother) of her deceased husband

Front 39

sororate

Back 39

custom whereby a widower marries a female relative of his deceased wife

Front 40

bridewealth

Back 40

custom in which a prospective groom and his relatives are required to transfer goods to the relatives of the bride to create or validate the marriage

Front 41

brideservice

Back 41

custom in which a man spends a period of time working for the family of his wife

Front 42

dowry

Back 42

custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/pr her husband's family upon her marriage

Front 43

ambilocal residence

Back 43

residence form in which couples choose whether to live with the wife's or husband's family

Front 44

bilocal residence

Back 44

residence form in which couples move between the households of both sets of parents

Front 45

neolocal residence

Back 45

residence form in which a couple establishes a separate household apart from both the husband and wive's parents

Front 46

avunculocal residence

Back 46

residence form in which the couples live with or near the mother's brother of the husband

Front 47

matrifocal family

Back 47

family group consisting of a mother and her children, with a male only loosely attached or not present at all

Front 48

forms of descent

Back 48

principle through which people trace their descent form previous generations

Front 49

unilineal descent

Back 49

descent through "one line", including patrilineal and matrilineal descent

Front 50

mat/pat lineal descent

Back 50

forms of descent in which individuals trace their most important kinship relationships to their mothers/fathers

Front 51

unilineal descent group

Back 51

group of relatives formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex; either male or female, but not both

Front 52

unilinear extended families

Back 52

groups of nuclear families formed by tracing kinship relationships through only one sex

Front 53

lineage

Back 53

unilineal descent group larger than extended family whose members can actually trace how they are related

Front 54

clan

Back 54

named unilinear descent group, some of whose members are unable to trace how they are related, but who still believe themselves to be kinfolk

Front 55

nonunilineal descent

Back 55

forms of descent in which individuals do not regularly associate with either matrilineal or patrilineal relatives, but make choices about whom to live with, whose land is whose, and so forth

Front 56

bilateral kinship

Back 56

kinship system in which individuals trace their kinship relationships equally through both parents

Front 57

kindred

Back 57

all bilateral relatives recognized by an individual

Front 58

cognatic descent

Back 58

form of descent in which relationships may be traced through both females and males

Front 59

kin terms

Back 59

labels that individuals use to refer to his or her relatives of various kinds

Front 60

kinship terminology

Back 60

logically consistent system by which people classify their relatives into labeled categories ("kinds of relatives")

Front 61

cultural construction of kinship

Back 61

idea that the kinship relationships a given people recognize do not perfectly reflect biological relationships; reflected in kinship terminology

Front 62

animism

Back 62

belief in spiritual beings

Front 63

myths

Back 63

stories that recount the deeds of supernatural powers and cultural heroes in the past

Front 64

ritual

Back 64

organized, stereotyped, symbolic behaviors intended to influence supernatural powers

Front 65

intellectual (or cognitive) approach

Back 65

notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things/events

Front 66

psychological approach

Back 66

idea that the emotional or affective satisfactions people gain from religion are primary in interpreting religion

Front 67

sociological approach

Back 67

emphasizes effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth

Front 68

sorcery

Back 68

performance of rites and spells for the purpose of causing harm to others by supernatural means

Front 69

witchcraft

Back 69

use of psychic powers alone to harm others by supernatural means

Front 70

individualistic organizations

Back 70

religious organizations based on personal relationships between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers

Front 71

shamanistic organization

Back 71

religious organizations in which certain individuals (shamans) have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack

Front 72

communal organizations

Back 72

religious organizations in which the members of a group cooperate to perform rituals intended to benefit all

Front 73

ecclesiastical organizations

Back 73

religious organizations in which a full-time priest performs rituals believed to benefit or the whole society, usually in large buildings dedicated to religious purposes or deities; found in complex societies

Front 74

vision quest

Back 74

attempt to enlist the aid of supernatural powers by intentionally seeking a dream or vision; example of individualistic religious organizations

Front 75

shaman

Back 75

part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups

Front 76

ancestral rituals

Back 76

rituals intended to worship, honor, or beseech the deceased ancestors of a kin group

Front 77

rites of passage

Back 77

rituals celebrating, causing, and/or symbolically marking the stages of life as defined by their culture

Front 78

initiation rituals

Back 78

rites of passage whose purpose is to incorporate males and/or females into new roles or into new social groups

Front 79

totemism

Back 79

form of communal religious organization in which all members of a kin group have mystical relationships with one or more natural objects

Front 80

seasonal rituals

Back 80

form of communal religious organization in which group cooperation is enquired to ensure the seasonal changes that restore or maintain life

Front 81

priest

Back 81

kind of religious specialist, usually full-time, who officiates at large-scale, bureaucratically organized rituals that keep the population in proper relationship to deities or cosmic forces

Front 82

revitalization movement

Back 82

religious movements that create a new way of life for a society or group

Front 83

cargo cults

Back 83

melanesian revitalization movements in which prophets claim to know secret rituals that will bring wealth (cargo)

Front 84

art

Back 84

any human action that modifies the utilitarian nature of something for the primary purpose of enhancing its aesthetic qualities;

or actions, objects, or words valued largely for their aesthetic pleasure or symbolic communication

Front 85

aesthetic

Back 85

qualities that make objects, actions, or language more beautiful or more pleasurable, according to culturally relative and variable standards

Front 86

body arts

Back 86

artificial artistic enhancement or beautification of the human body by painting, tattooing, scarification, or other means

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visual arts

Back 87

arts produced in a material or tangible form, including basketry, textiles, pottery, paintings, drawings, sculptures, masks, caring, and the like.

Front 88

performance arts

Back 88

forms of art such as music, percussion, song, dance, and theater/drama that involve sound and/or stylized body movements

Front 89

scarcity explanation of hunger

Back 89

holds that there are not enough land, water, and the resources to feed all the people of a country or region an adequate diet, given current technology

Front 90

inequality explanation of hunger

Back 90

notion that hunger is not caused by the absolute scarcity but by the unequal distribution of resources and how these resources are used

Front 91

technology-transfer solution

Back 91

the notion that developing nations can best solve their hunger problems by adopting the technology and production methods of modern mechanized agriculture

Front 92

indigenous peoples

Back 92

culturally distinct peoples who have occupied a region longer than peoples who have colonized or immigrated to the region

Front 93

applied anthropology

Back 93

anthropological expertise is useful for solving human problems because the way anthropologists look at people and cultures differs somewhat from the views of other professionals

applied anthropologists have conducted research relevant to both global/local-level problems

Front 94

medical anthropology

Back 94

the study of all aspects of health and health care for the purpose of improving the health of the people of the world

Front 95

Western medicine

Back 95

western or scientific medicine sees and treats illness as the result of natural causes, while many traditional medical practices are based on the belief that illness is at least in part the result of supernatural causes