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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early Dynastic Sumerian Period
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-historical period lasting 600 years
-changes in settlement patterns, emergence of city-states -cities are closely knit and competed, usually surrounded by walls -continuation of warefare -town,temple, and palace planning |
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Mari
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-located in Syria
-ancient Sumerian city -had little annual rainfall, people relied on irrigation to grow crops -Mari Tablets gave info about economic and social structure, including interactions with pastorialists from surrounding steppeland -both northern and southern influences |
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Gilgamesh
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-mythical Sumerian king
-5th king of Uruk according to the Sumerian King List -central character in the "Epic of Gilgamesh", greatest surviving work of early Mesopotamian literature -said to have built the wall at Uruk -said to have been a demigod |
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Warka (Uruk)
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-in Iraq, ancient Sumerian city
-during the Uruk period had the largest population in the world -capital city of Gilgamesh -main forces of urbanization in the Uruk period -Uruk went through several phases of growth, from the Early Uruk Period (4000–3500 BC) to the Late Uruk Period (3500–3100 BC). -The city was formed when two smaller Ubaid settlements merged. The temple complexes at their cores became the Eanna District and the Anu District |
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Eridu
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-located in Iraq
-earliest city in Southern Mesopotamia perhaps first city in the world -Ubaid and Uruk sites -temple sequence ahows a long continuity of religious worship |
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Uruk Period
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-occured in Mesopotamia from about 3800-3100 BC
-followed Ubaid period -first states and urban societies emerged -painted decorations disappear from ceramics -mass production introduced; beveled rimmed bowls -temples and buildings more elaborate -writing invented; cuneiform -"enclaves" (territorial, social, cultural unit) |
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Akkadian Period
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-followed the Early Dynastic Period in Mesopotamia
-Sargon's conquest of Mesopotamian city-states -little is known about period, little archaeological evidence -Akkad, capital founded by Sargon, has yet to be found -continuity in terms of settlement patterns and architecture from the Early Dynastic Period -language changed from Sumerian to Akkadian -internal weakness and chronic rebellions led to downfall of Sargon's dynasty |
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Sargonic Dynasty
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-sargon came from commoner class
-sargon= "one true king" -Sargon formed a voluntary militia --> distributed spoils to his followers -used bows which allowed them to be more mobile -said to have built site of Agade -assumed religious autority by making his daughter chief priestess -Naram-Sin (grandson) made himself a god, appropriated the rites to the temple, which gave him secular and religious authority |
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Ubaid Period
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-lasted 6500-3800 and came before Uruk period
-large village settlements, with multi-roomed rectangular mud-brick houses - appearance of the first temples of public architecture in Mesopotamia -composed of centralized large sites surrounded by smaller village sites -increase social stratification -The Ubaid period is divided into three principal phases: Ubaid 1 sometimes called Eridu (5300–4700 BC), clear connection to the Samarra culture to the north, saw the establishment of the first permanent settlement south of isohyet, These people pioneered the growing of grains in the extreme conditions of aridity Ubaid 2 (4800–4500 BC), saw the development of extensive canal networks from major settlements. Irrigation agriculture, which seem to have developed first at Choga Mami (4700–4600 BC) and rapidly spread elsewhere, from the first required collective effort and centralised coordination of labour Ubaid 3/4 — In the period from 4500–4000 BC saw a period of intense and rapid urbanisation with the Ubaid culture spread into northern Mesopotamia replacing (after a hiatus) the Halaf culture. growth of a trading system |
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Hassuna Culture
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- Tell Hassuna, ancient Mesopotamian site
-Iraq -Hassuna style pottery (cream slip with reddish paint in linear designs) -experimented with metallurgy -appearance of stamps indicating importance of property -Female figurines have been related to worship and jar burials within which food was placed related to belief in afterlife. -The relationship of Hassuna pottery to that of Jericho suggests that village culture was becoming widespread. |
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Samarra Culture
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-Iraq
-Samarran Culture (ca 5500–4800 BC) identified at the rich site of Tell Sawwan, where evidence of irrigation—including flax— establishes the presence of a prosperous settled culture with a highly organized social structure. -The culture is primarily known by its finely-made pottery decorated against dark-fired backgrounds with stylized figures of animals and birds and geometric designs. -This widely-exported type of pottery, one of the first widespread, relatively uniform pottery styles in the Ancient Near East, was first recognized at Samarra. -The Samarran Culture was the precursor to the Mesopotamian culture of the Ubaid period. |
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Tell es Sawwan
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-Iraq
-Samarran culture -surrounded by wall and ditch -also shows Ubaid and Hassuna culture |
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Elba
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-Syria
-lies along natural route to coast -"hollow ways" between sites -lower town inside a wall -ceramics reflect local Syrian-Northern Levantine Wary Bronze IV material culture -tablets found which included political exchanges, agriculture, wealth -Lexical texts lists allowed for their texts (written in Sumerian script to record Elbaite language) |
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Ur III Period
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-aka Neo-Sumerian Empire
-rose after fall of Akkad Dynasty -establishment of one of the earliest known law-codes, the Code of Ur-Nammu - Sumerian Renaissance - witnessed a revival of Sumerian language and literature - including intricate irrigation systems and centralization of agriculture. An enormous labor force was amassed to work in agriculture, particularly in irrigation, harvesting, and sowing - The textile industry was run by the state -divided up into provinces that were each ruled by a governor |
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Tell Brak
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-Syria
-massive 4th millennium red libn (plaster technique) industrial building and feasting hall -evidence for indigenous development -Most famous of the pre-Akkadian features is the 4th millennium "Eye Temple" -The site was occupied between the sixth and second millennia BCE |
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Tell Leilan
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-Syria
-shows settlement expansion into the steppe -regional specialization -rural 3rd millenium sites contain granaries -founded de novo in 3rd millenium -barley found -used increase barley and wheat to increase domesticated animal use--> indactors of specialized pastoral economy |
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Enlil
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-was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in ancient Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.
-Enlil was considered to be the god of breath, wind, loft, and breadth |
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Pu'abi
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-was an important personage in the Sumerian city of Ur, during the First Dynasty of Ur (c.2600 BCE)
-labeled as a queen -The fact that Puabi, herself a Semitic Akkadian, was an important figure among Sumerians, indicates a high degree of cultural exchange and influence between the ancient Sumerians and their Semitic neighbors. |
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Tell el 'Oueli
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-small mound near Larsa
-shows sequence of Ubaid deposits dating from 5800-5500 BC -ceramics resemble Samarran pottery -provided the first statigraphic evidence of early settlement on southern Mesopotamian alluvium -first settlement in Mesopotamia |
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Kranzhugel
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-German "crown-mound"
-a form of ruin mound typical of the Bronze Age in northwestern Mesopotamia consists of a high mound surrounded by a lower ring mound -Sweyhat is an example of this |
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Sir Flanders Petrie
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British archaeologist who made valuable contributions to the techniques of excavation and dating. During excavations in Egypt in the mid 1880s Petrie developed a sequence dating method, based on a comparison of potsherds at various levels, that made possible the reconstruction of ancient history from material remains.
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Mastabas
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type of Ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides that marked the burial site of many eminent Egyptians of Egypt's ancient period.
-constructed out of mud-bricks or stone. |
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Henry Rawlinson
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-Father of Assyriology
-best known for his decipherment of ancient cuneiform |
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Serekh
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-hieroglyph of rectangular enclosure representing the niched or gated façade of a palace
- earliest convention used to set apart the royal name in ancient Egyptian iconography |
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Austin Henry Layard
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-excavations at Nimrud and elsewhere provided crucial evidence of both the antiquity and the cultural achievement of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Assyrian civilization.
-an excavator of the Nineveh |
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Uruk expansion
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-4th millennium
-ceramic cultures similar in North and South -Mesopotamian core areas had such a demand for luxury items that outpost areas began poping up around the center - Habuba Kabira - Jebel Aruda -The expansion was an attempt to control the critical lines of communication through which flowed needed resources. This expansion took a variety of forms ranging from trade contacts and networks and/or military expeditions and raids to territorial provinces. |
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Tell Banat
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-large funerary
monument. It held deposits of human and animal bones. |
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Giza workers village
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-suggests that the pyramids were built by skilled workers and bureaucrats (who lived there all year long) and farmers (who provided seasonal labour during the inundation when they could not work on their farms)
-. The settlement also boasts the earliest known paved street, complete with a drainage gully, and the earliest known hypostyle hall (a building with a flat ceiling supported by columns) - Fragments of wood and ash were found in each of these chambers, showing that even in this early period, the workers were able to obtain a good supply of precious and rare wood from a distant source |
