Anthro 2Ac Final Review

Front 1

Amah Mutsun Tribal Band

Back 1

Collaboration; Ohlone/Costanoan Indians; fell under sphere of influence of Mission San Juan Bautista and Santa Cruz; Ano Nuevo State Reserve

Front 2

Analysis (form, technological, stylistic)

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Lab analysis (must choose from those available; can't do it all); depends on research question, materials, budget, collaborators; chem of ceramics; fire-scar dendrochronology; seidemtn cores; palynology; archaeobotany; etc.

Front 3

Ano Nuevo State Preserve

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collaboration with Amah Mutsun Tribal Band; Quirosote Valley Cultural Preserve; Fire-scar dendrochronology; sediemtn cores; palynology; archaeobotany; microscopic phytoliths; tobacco seeds found; type conservation of grassland/woodland

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Archaeobotany/Paleoethnobotany

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Macroscopic; plant remains; flotation (seeds, nuts, etc.)

Front 5

Construction of Archaeological Interpretations

Back 5

Varies; based on collaboration, research question, what one finds; influenced by modern times

Front 6

Association

Back 6

How artifacts are associated to each other; matrix, provenience, etc.

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Attributes (form, technological, stylistic)

Back 7

Physical features used to categorize certain artifacts (pottery etc.)

Front 8

Catal Hoyuk

Back 8

Ian Hodder re-excavated it

Front 9

Chronology (direct vs. indirect age determination; relative vs. absolute dating)

Back 9

Law of superposition; dendrochronology; carbon dating (not super accurate)
Direct: directly dating that material
Indirect: association in a dated context
Relative: Ordinal Scale (no calendar date)
Absolute: Calendar System

Front 10

Classification

Back 10

Creates order from chaos; group or cluster of artifacts whose physical characteristics or attributes are the same

Front 11

Context

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Primary vs. Secondary
Use related vs. Dump

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Coprolite

Back 12

Analysis of Ecofacts; fossilized animal dung

Front 13

Curation Crisis

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Running out of space for artifacts

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Data Processing

Back 14

used to clean materials (lose data in dirt); chemical analysis of ceramics; archaeological catalogue; database with ID#s; spreadsheet; relate provenience; conserve materials; analysis: dendrochronology, obsidian hydration, seriation, carbon dating

Front 15

Ecofacts

Back 15

non-manmade

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Datum

Back 16

reference point in site when mapping things

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Debitage

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lithic scatters; waste made during production of tools

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Dendrochronology and Fire-scar Dendrochronology

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tree ring chronology
Fire-scar: collect redwood samples; dating fire-scars; old redwood stumps

Front 19

Deposition

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How something was deposited; how things are left when they enter "archaeological site status"

Front 20

Ellis Landing (CA-CCO-295)

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Nels Nelson excavation; 1906-1908; mined for gardening soil; area destroyed after Nelson's excavations; shell mounds (cemeteries, mounded villages), no debotage

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Emic/Etic classifications

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Etic: outsiders view
Emic: insiders view

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Ethnoarchaeology

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Watching people do things
Comparing to modern people from culture being studied

Front 23

Ethnographic Analogy

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Use the present to better understand past
specific: how material culture was used by a particular group of people
general: use insights to understand archaeological materials found back through time; deeper past; analogue based on similar environment or level of organization
NOT SUPER ACCURATE

Front 24

Excavation methods

Back 24

penetrating vs. clearing
arbitrary vs. natural levels

Front 25

experimental archaeology

Back 25

Dave David! lithic manufacture, lithic use-wear analysis, residue analysis

Front 26

Elliot Blair

Back 26

Mongolia one summer; CRM east coast; Alaska; American Museum of Natural History in New York; Great basin in Nevada; St. Catherines Island, GA (Spanish Mission, Mission Santa Catalina de Guale; shell middens; Mid scale; micro scale; Palimpsest of occupations)

Front 27

Flaked stone technology

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Research by experimental archaeology; Pressure flaking methods; Chisel for more precision; hitting core to get a good flake

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Flakes

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Bulb of percussion; striking platform

Front 29

Dave David

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Cave paintings Klamath Reserve ad Chiloquin, Oregon; Klamath Basin Rock Art; documenting (film); "reformed music major"; didn't want CRM; CRM in Spokane, WA; forrest Service; Experimental archaeology (stone tools; lithics);

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Geophysical Survey

Back 30

electrical current through ground; low impact; magnetometry; etc.

Front 31

Assemblage

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A gross grouping of all subassemblages assumed to represent the sum of human activities carried out within an ancient community

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Subassemblage

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A grouping of artifact classes based on form and function that is assumed to represent a single occupational group within an ancient community

Front 33

Law of Superposition

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The principle that the sequence of observable strata from bottom to top reflects the order of deposition from earliest to latest

Front 34

Matrix

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The physical medium that surrounds, holds, or supports archaeological data

Front 35

Obsidian Hydration

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Absorption of water on exposed surfaces of obsidian; if the local hydration rate is known and constant, this phenomenon can be used as a relative dating technique through measurement of thickness of the hydration layer

Front 36

Native Narratives (Oral History/Oral Tradition)

Back 36

Spoken accounts about the past that maintain historical traditions without reliance on written documents.

Front 37

NAGPRA

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Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

Front 38

Stratigraphy

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The archaeological evaluation of the significance of stratification to determine the temporal sequence of data within stratified deposits by using both the law of superposition and context evaluations; also a relative dating technique (LAYERS)

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Strata

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The definable layers of archaeological matrix or features revealed by excavation

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Taphonomy

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Study of transformational processes affecting organic ecofacts after the death of the original organisms

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Interface

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Where different strata meet

Front 42

Multiple Lines of Evidence

Back 42

Oral history, written documents, archaeology, etc. Sometimes lead to different interpretations

Front 43

Orphan Collections

Back 43

Boxes of artifacts that are just sitting there without being analyzed

Front 44

Type
(discovered vs. arbitrary)

Back 44

A class of data defined by a consistent clustering of attributes
Discovered:attributes favored by makers of the artifacts; emic classification; Albert Spaulding
Arbitrary: James Ford; J.O. Brew; etic approach (processual); process is arbitrary; archaeologist biases

Front 45

Seriation

Back 45

Techniques used to order materials in a relative dating sequence in such a way that adjacent items in the series are more similar to each other than to items farter apart in the series

Front 46

Museums

Back 46

Curate; house artifacts; fund research; house collections used for research

Front 47

Ozette Site

Back 47

Pompeii Premise; Mudslide covered the village; one moment in time; great preservation

Front 48

Albert Spaulding

Back 48

2 attributes of pottery (grit vs. shell)
2 villages:
1st random selection (25 grit and stamped, 25 grit and smooth, 25 shell and stamped, 25 shell and smooth)
2nd not so random (50 grit and stamped 50 shell and smooth)
2 types must be real; two groups of pots that would be recognized as distinct by past people

Front 49

Radiocarbon Dating

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A radiometric dating technique based on measuring the decay of the radioactive isotope of carbon to stable nitrogen; Half-life analysis; margin of error 50-100+ years; costly

Front 50

AMS

Back 50

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Front 51

Provenience

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The three-dimensional location of archaeological data within or on the matrix at the time of discovery
Lot: just based on what large chunk it's in
Point: more exact; look at where it is related to other things in chunk

Front 52

Ishi

Back 52

Last wild Indian of California
Lived in Anthro Museum
Made stone tools (obsidian and glass)

Front 53

Pressure Flaking

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A technique used for manufacturing chipped-stone artifacts in which flakes or blades are produced by applying pressure against a core with a punch usually made of wood or bone (DAVE DAVID)

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Tribal Museums/ Cultural Centers

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Public Outreach by stakeholders

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Residue Analysis

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Done on lithic tools and ceramics; protein residue analysis; blood residue

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Native Landscape Management

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Ano Nuevo State Reserve; preservation of what is there

Front 57

Kashaya Pomo

Back 57

Fort Ross; Native Californians

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Ian Hodder

Back 58

Break down Linear Nature for Interpretation; Catal Hoyuk re-excavation

Front 59

Metini Village Site

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Fort Ross State Historical Park; Colony Ross; After Russians left became Rancho; Multi-phase field strategy; low impact; Kashaya Pomo Settlement

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Fort Ross

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Kashaya Pomo; Native Alaskans; Russians; Hunted Otters; Kent Lightfoot

Front 61

Robert Oswalt

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UC Berkeley Linguistic Scholar
Kashaya Pomo Oral Traditions

Front 62

Thad Van Buren/ CA-AMA-364/H

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Farmstead; chinatown; rural example; CRM Project (CalTrans highway 49); evidence of living with natives

Front 63

Glen Farris

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Oral Tradition; Looking at Kashaya Pomo; Oral tradition about Hudson's Bay Company

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Plan Map

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Bird eye view

Front 65

Profile

Back 65

Looking at the wall of an excavation unit; look at stratigraphy

Front 66

Geoarchaeology

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Look at matrix of a site; look at sediments of a site; principles of geology

Front 67

Phytoliths

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Starch grain processing; microscopic; Ano Nuevo State Reserve; plant remains

Front 68

Market Street Chinatown

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San Jose; burned 1887; shifted to different locations (vine street, market street, etc.); short term occupations then shifted; if burned (like market) ideal archaeological context; enhanced preservation with burning; CRM Fairmont Hotel; Allen and Voss

Front 69

Barbara Voss/Rebecca Allen

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CRM archaeologists; taked Stanford into looking at orphan collections from Market Street investigation

Front 70

Palynology

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Analysis of Pollen (ecofact analysis)

Front 71

Reflexive Methodology

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Interpretation Method

Front 72

Direct Percussion

Back 72

A technique used for the manufacture of chipped-stone artifacts in which flakes are produced by striking a core with a hammer stone or striking the core against a fixed stone or anvil

Front 73

Indirect Percussion

Back 73

A technique used to manufacture chipped-stone artifacts in which flakes are produced by striking a punch, usually made of wood or bone, placed against a core

Front 74

Overseas Chinese Archaeology

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CA flood of new people; Chinese immigration to CA; From SE China; mostly laborers worked in mines, building railroad, agriculture; discriminatory laws passed; gender imbalance; mostly CRM; Angel Island

Front 75

Pyrodiversity Practices

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Ano Nuevo State Reserve

Front 76

Roger Echo-Hawk

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Oral Traditions

Front 77

Holistic Approach

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Use of multiple lines of archaeological evidence

Front 78

Hyper Reflexivity

Back 78

Some scholars say you can't ever fully understand the past; we're always stuck in the present; can only tell stories that are made up in the present

Front 79

Gina Michaels

Back 79

Ceramics and Chronology

Front 80

Makah Cultural Research Center

Back 80

Wash; Hunt Grey Whale Archaeology; Ozette Site Controversy; Incorporated into Tribal Museums

Front 81

Nels Nelson

Back 81

UC Berkeley; Shell Mounds; Ellis Landing Site

Front 82

Steve Shackley

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Lithics; stylistic analysis

Front 83

Zooarchaeology

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Analysis of Ecofacts; Animal remains

Front 84

Spatial Structure of Archaeological Record

Back 84

Case Study: butchering game, cooking meat
Look at: context (primary or secondary), spatial structure, stratigraphy, chronology, test charcoal and faunal remains, etc.

Front 85

Data as "theory laden"

Back 85

The data you collect and the process of analyzing it begins with the discovery of every object. The data offers interpretation

Front 86

Groundstone Technology

Back 86

Making tools by grinding rather than percussion force.

Front 87

Interpretation at the "trowel's edge"

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Cata Hyuk site in Turkey. Interpretation throughout the project. Breaking down the barrier between the lab and the field. Post-processual- continually thinking about the process and the context and making interpretations as you go.

Front 88

Sterile Deposit?????

Back 88

??????Area where nothing is found??????