Anthro 217 Midterm

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5 characteristics of language

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phonology, phonetics, morphology,syntax, semantics

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phonetics

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concerned with physical productions of speech sounds, production and acoustic properties, is not concerned with meaning

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phonology

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-system which organizes syllable structure and tone
-how sounds are grouped into abstract categories
-how there are meaningful differences in sounds

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morphology

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how different parts of words make different meanings
examines how words and subparts combine

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syntax

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-study of how units including words and phrases combine into sentences
-investigates what order of words makes legitimate sentences

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semantics

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-study of how language conveys meaning

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stimulus response reward formula

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-theory of language acquisition
-learn from stimulus and listening to others

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cognitive theory

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-theory of language acquisition
-have to learn what words mean before they can say them

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innatist theory

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-chomsky language acquisition theory
-born with a language organ programmed into brain with little stimulus

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critical age hypothesis

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-thoery of language acquisition
-the brain is matured by the age humans reach puberty
-children can only learn language
easily before puberty

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speech impairments

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brocas aphasia
wernicke's aphasia
--> proves that language is localized in the brain

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categorical perception

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-infants can hear more sound differences than adults
-at a few months of age infants learn to discriminate between speech sounds with same acoustic differnce
-can ignore sounds that arnt relevant to their native language
--Janet Werker

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continuity theory

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-speech developed from forms of communication used by other animals
-developed in a straight line over time

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discontinuity theory

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human language is unique without evolutionary antecedent
-great apes have very limited prerequisites for language

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hocket's linguistic universals

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-vocal auditory channel
-directional transmission
-interchangability
-total feedback
-arbitraryness
-displacement
-productivity
-duality of patterning
-reflexivness

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displacement

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ability to talk about things that arnt happening in the present

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productivity

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knowledge that there is an infinite number of words and expressions because of prefixe and sufixes

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duality of patterning

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-combining sounds (phenomes)
-dine versus dime

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reflexivness

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ability to talk about talking

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differences between human and animal communication

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productivity
displacement
arbitraryness
duality of patterning

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arbitrary language

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every word is a description, no inherent connections between a word and what is stands for
-onomotopia is different in every language
-there is no one to one correspondance of words between languages

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sapir whorf hypothesis

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-languages are not different sets of labels for the same reality, but are different symbols in different languages
-all languages strucutre thought and perception
-ppl percieve the world through the cultural lens of language

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Time as example

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-whorf compares time between standard average european language and Hopi
-time in european language as object
-real plural vs imaginary plural

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linguistic relativity
(weak version)

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grammatical patterns and structures rise to habbits of interpreting the world
-speakers of different languages percieve and experience world differently
-relationship bewtween language and thought can go ether way

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linguisitc determinism
(strong version)

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-language determines thought
-linguistic structure determines the way we see the world and limits perception

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conceptual metaphor

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-a metaphor which refers to one domain group of ideas in terms of another
-it is systematic
-hide things about a conceot and highlight other things
-oriental and conduit metaphors are conceptual

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conduit metaphor

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ideas or meanings are objects
-stealing an idea

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orientational metaphor

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metaphors that give a concept spacial orientation
-"im feeling down today"
-happy is up sad is down

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lexical change

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words used and borrowed

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cause of language change

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-style
-migration
-colonization
-globablization
-industrialization

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kinds of language change

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temporal
regional
social (class line)
personal

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5 kinds of word formation processes

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compounding
doubling
metaphors
initialism
blending

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assimilation

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when 2 sounds occur together they become more like each other
-we tend to pronounce the easier way
-when using two r's in one word (library)

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5 kinds of lexical change

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pejoration
amelioration
semantic narrowing
semantic broadening
transfer

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pejoration

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changes to mean something negative

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amelioration

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changes to mean something positive
-example: luxury

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semantic narrowing

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when a word over time becomes more specific
example: fowl

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semantic broadening or generalization

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when a word comes to be more general or to mean more things

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symantic drift

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meaning of silly over time, from blessed to foolish

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borrowing

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a loanword is borrowed from one language and incporporated into another
example: cafeteria (spanish)-"coffee shop"

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neologism

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a newly coined word or phrase that may be in the process of entering common use but hasnt yet been accepted into mainstreem language or official dictionaries

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standard english characteristics

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-uniform pronunciation and vocab
-language of educated
-taught in schools
-used in media
-legitimated by experts
-spoken by doctors politicians etc

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prescriptive grammar

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rules for what is counted as socially acceptable and unacabtable language use
-about the proper composition of sentences in wrtitten languahe

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descriptive grammar

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-more general and basic
-generalization about the way that human language is actually used rather than how it should be used

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Dialect definition 1

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any variety of language that is shared by a group of speakers

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dialect def 2

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mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic ways
ex: african american english

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dialect def 3

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"a language is a dialect with an army and navy"
-that language is politically made by institutions of govt
-anthropologists perspective

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dialect chains

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long chains of interrelated dialects with no clear internal boundaries

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importance of dialect chains

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-that language cannot be understood as seperate homogenous entities
-boundries that have been drawn between language are not based on internal consistency

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social stratification

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institutionalized inequalities in power and wealth status between categories of persons with in a social system (class, ethnic group)
-product of differentation and social evaluation

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ideology

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promotion of the needs and interests of a dominant group or class at the expense of marginilizing groups by means of disinformation and misrepresentations of those non dominant groups

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false consciousness

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process by which working class is manipulated to accepting a status quo which denies their own claims and preserves the interests of those with power because it is right or good to do so(bc God needs them to)