Anthro 102 Final

Front 1

Hominid

Back 1

A family within the hominoids (humans, great apes, orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo)

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hominin

Back 2

humans and their distinct ancestors

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foramen magnum

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a hole by your skull for your spine to go through

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femur

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thigh bone(straight in quadruped and on an angle in human(biped))

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preaustralopiths

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first appearance of bidpedalism

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graciles

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small brains, reained many ape-like characteristics

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australopithecus

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graciles

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robusts

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huge cheek teeth and powerful chewing muscles

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paranthropus

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robusts

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homo

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large brains, reduction in cheek teeth

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zygomatic arch

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cheeckbones(robusts cheeks)

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ssagittal arch

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crest of bone on top of the skull that holds teh chewing muscle

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temporalis muscle

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chewing muscle

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masseter muscle

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chewing muscle

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fallback food

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foods eaten when preferred foods aren't available

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oldowan

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tools are stacked up and have evidence of animal butchery

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acheulean

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hand axe of the homo erectus - first found in Africa and then spread out but once you get to movius line in Asia you see oldowan instead

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chopper/chopping tools

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simpler stone

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expensive tissue hypothesis

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ice age

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levallois technique

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technique for making tools when you prepare the core first

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mousterian

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stone tool culture associated with neanderthals (first time tools are specialized for specific functions)

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aurignacian

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tool culture associated with early homo sapiens- projectile weapons, bone and shell tools, fishing tools

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What are the four major groups of hominins

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pre-australopiths, graciles, robusts, homo

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Changes that have occured in the human body as a result of bipedalism

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forman magnum, curves in spine, wedge shaped vertebrae, pelvis, big toe elarged, arches help absorb shock and add propulsive springs

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Characteristics australopithecus afarnesis shares with chimps

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primative teeth, small brain, projecting lower face, long ape like arms, long cured fingers, small stature(3-5 feet)

Front 27

which species does the fossil known as lucy belong to?

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graciles

Front 28

two characteristics differentiate hominins from other primates?

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canine reduction and bipedalism

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when did himinins first appear?

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5-7MYA

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Environmental change 2-3MYA in Africa

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Plioscene environmental change- drier and more seasonal environment

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species that went extinct because of plioscene environmental change

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graciles, and early robusts(paranthropus). Homo appears

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How are paranthropus adapted to the changing environment

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focuesed at least seasonally on difficult foods like roots and tubers- used large teeth and jaws to process hard foods

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How are homo adapted to the changing environment

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at least seasonally ate high quality nutritional foods like meat. started relying more on cultural innovation rather than biological adaptation

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Which hominins are known as robust

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paranthropus

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What did paranthropus eat?

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relied seasonally on tougher plant foods

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which hominins were the first members of our genus(Homo)

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homo habilus

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What do we call the first stone tool technology?

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oldowan

Front 38

what components does oldowan consist of?

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hammerstone, core and flake

Front 39

what two trends do we see throughout the evolution of the genus homo

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first hominins were bidpedal but still possessed many primitive traits. adapted to drier and more seasonal environments. adaptive radiation occurred, adapted to eating hard gritty foods.

Front 40

First hominins to leave africa?

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homo erectus

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Significance with Dmanisi, Georgia?

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earlist hominins outside Africa, still used oldowan tools, human-like limb proportions

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First hominins to have human-like body

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homo erectus

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human body form of homo erectus

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tall stature, long legs, short arms, smaller face, and teeth

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What type of climate was the body of homo erectus adapted for?

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hot and dry environment

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what characteristics indicate hot and dry environement adaptation for homo erectus?

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hairless and able to sweat like modern humans. tall and thin body. long limbs

Front 46

Which stone tools are associated with homo erectus?

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Acheulean handaxe- worked on both sides, used as a multipurpose tool. found with remains of large animals

Front 47

How does Acheaulean stone tool differ from oldowan tool?

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oldoan was used during homo habilus, acheaulean was more advanced, homo erectus thought of the shape ahead of time.

Front 48

Movius line

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the line that divides where we find acheaulean tools vs copper tools

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where did homo erectus survive the longest?

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China

Front 50

How do we know that homo erectus was eating more meat that earlier hominins?

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they had tapeworms

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which species is intermediate between homo erectus and homo sapiens?

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homo heidelbergensis

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glaciations

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reduced rainfall, increased aridity

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interglacials

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increased rainfall

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what happens in Africa and Europe during glaciations?

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Europe is covered in ice sheets, rest of the world is dry

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What happens in Africa and Europe during interglacials

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Europe's ice sheets are shrinking and rest of the world is wet

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What was found at the site of Sima de los Huesos, spain?

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2000H heidelbergensis hones, 32 adolescent individuals

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What does this site tell us about the lifespan of homo heidelbergensis?

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there were non older than 35

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what was the language capabilities of homo heidelbergensis

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language capabilities started with homo erectus and were completed with homo heidelbergensis

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where were neanderthal fossils found?

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europe and middle east

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unique cranial characteristics of neanderthals

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20% larger than human brain. long low skull, no chin. large supraorbital torus. Large nose. front of brain, deals with speech and thought. Back of brain, deals with sight and touch. Left side, larger than right, right handed.

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Supraoribital torus

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browridges

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what did bodies of neanderthals look like?

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short and stocky. shortened limbs. wide trunk

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what type of climate were neanderthals adapted for?

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cold climates

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hunting technology neanderthals used?

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close proximity spears

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Why did neanderthals have many broken bones?

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from the close proximity hunting

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when and where did modern humans first evolve

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Africa about 200KYA

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unique cranial traits of homo sapiens

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high rounded braincase. tall forehead. short face tucked underneath frontal lobes of brain. mandible with protruding chin.

Front 68

How have studies of genetic and cranial variation supported the idea of modern human evolution in Africa.

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Nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA and cranial shape exhibit greatest diversity within Africa

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What have studies of neanderthal DNA taught us about the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals?

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differences in genes, metabolism, cognition, and skeletal development

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Types of art created by early modern humans

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cave paintings, jewelry, statues

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cumaltive cultural change

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taking technology and improving on it relatively quickly

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which hominins had small ape like brains

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graciles

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which hominins were the first to have human-like limb proportions?

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homo erectus

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which hominins had very large teeth and jaws

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robusts

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which hominins were the first to bury their dead?

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neanderthals

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which hominins were the first to control fire?

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homo heidelbergensis

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why do we see a trend toward smaller teeth in the genus homo?

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started using stone tools to process food so they didn't need big teeth anymore.

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why do we see a trend toward larger teeth in paranthropus and australopithecus.

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still relied on processing food with their mouths so they needed big teeth and jaws.

Front 79

which hominins had large noses, large brains, a long low skull and no chin?

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neanderthals

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which hominins have a large brain, high rounded skull and small face tucked under their skull

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homo sapiens