Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Franz Boas |
-Disagreed that Universal laws governed all human culture -Kwakiutl Pacific Northwest -He found that b/c of the structure of their language -Cultural Relativism: Speakers can't report an action, must be exlpained how you know that person did an action I saw her washing her hands rather that she's washing her hands |
|
|
Laura Bohannan |
- "Shakespeare in the Bush" -Tiv- Nigeria (think she doesn't understand true meaning of Hamlet) - Learns no values are truly universal b/c different cultures have different perspective on love, marriage, etc -Tiv see her as uncultured |
|
|
Noam Chomsky |
-Universal grammar: Basic set of principles and rules that underlie all languages |
|
|
William Labov |
-Linguistic Variation and social Class -High prestige dialects can provide social and economic benefits (pronunciation clearly associated with prestige) He went to 3 stores: high class, middle class, lower class Mapping variation in languages Asked about something in the fourth floor to see how they pronounced the letter R |
|
|
Claude Levi-Strauss |
-Structuralism -Universal pattern to the structure of myths -Shared structure of stories derived from the shared structure of the mind -Universal Characteristics: (1) Need to classify; impose order (2) Opposite categories "Binary Oppositions" (3) Bridge b/w opposites |
|
|
Karl Marx |
Social Theorist in industrialization- industrial rev. In Europe brought a lot of inequality (Burrgeousi vs. working class) Elabarote a theory how in the context of industrialization, social class functionality Revolt against the borgeosui (they’re all the same people) |
|
|
Victor Turner |
Communtas: Bond of solidarity among liminal people Theorist of religion: proposed the idea of rites of passage thru change of status |
|
|
Max Weber |
Refer to Protestant Work Ethic |
|
|
Margaret Mead |
Said that gender patterns are cultural patterns (different cultures have different perspectives on gender or what they view as feminine/masculine) |
|
|
Code Switching |
Speaker's shift from one language or dialect to another |
|
|
Creole |
Comes from mixing of 2 parent languages, starts out as a pidgin but gains formal rules |
|
|
Diglossia |
People switch dialects to high (formal) and low (informal) variants of the same language |
|
|
Euphemism |
Substitution of an inoffensive word for a more unpleasant one ("pass away" rather than "die") |
|
|
Bilingualism/multilingualism |
-Speaking/ understanding more than one language |
|
|
Focal Vocabulary |
Specialized sets of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups |
|
|
Grammar |
Set of structural rules that governs the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given language |
|
|
Honorifics |
Terms used with people to honor them or show status differences (ex. Mr. or Lord) |
|
|
Hypercorrection |
Using the wrong ford or form b/c it seems more correct or prestigious ex. "I" vs "Me" or "Who" vs "Whom" |
|
|
Kinesics |
Study of commnunication through body movements and facial expressions |
|
|
Lexicon |
Vocabulary: all the morphemes in a language and their meaning |
|
|
Minimal Pairs |
Words that resemble each other in all but one sound, used to find all the phonemes in a given language (ex. Bat/cat or hare/dare) |
|
|
Morpheme/morphology |
Smallest units that have a specific meaning Ex. teach, teacher, teachers |
|
|
Phonome/Phonology |
-The study of a system of distinctive sounds in a language -Smallest unit of sound that influences meaning (Ex. Merry, Marry, Mary) |
|
|
Phonetics |
Technical study of the way sounds are produced Phoetics: the way different things produce different sounds Ex. The movement of the mouth to say a word |
|
|
Semantics |
A language's meaning system |
|
|
Style shifting |
Varying speech in different social contexts (ex. party langiage vs job interview) |
|
|
syntax |
Rule of word order in regards to the meaning trying to be conveyed |
|
|
Universal grammar |
Basic set of principles and rules that underlie all languages |
|
|
African American Vernacular English |
A rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans (inner city areas like NY, Boston, Chicago, Detroit) It is systematic- still as correct language as other such as the language spoken by white high social class people No language is better than other The effect of social construction |
|
|
Gender and Language |
Different pronunciations/vocabulary for men and women -Different adjectives for each gender -Voice tech- male/female voice -Women tend to use less "uneducated speech" ("I dont want none) |
|
|
Bourgeoisie and Working class/Proletariat |
B: Owners of factories, mines, large farms, and other means of production WP: People who had to sell their labor to survive |
|
|
Colonialism |
The political, economic, social, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended time |
|
|
Intervention Philosophy |
Idealogial justification for outsiders to guide or rule native people Ex. Life and Debt: IMF based on intervention philosophy, neoliberal economics and that didn't fit with the local system and ruined their economy Certain countries (mainly in the core) think they have a certain mission to lead lower countries into industrialization or lead their economy |
|
|
World Systems theory |
Idea that a discernib;e social system based on wealth and power differentials transcends individual countries Articulates interconnections of core and periphery Countries are economically and politically interdependent (role that capitalism plays in the world today) |
|
|
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis |
Given that there are different linguistics systems in the world, does it affect the way you view the world? - Different languages produce different patterns of thought |
|
|
Core, Periphery, Semiperiphary |
-Periphery- countries who are excluded from positions of power - follow what the people in power decide to do -Semiperiphery- countries that export good but lack power to make decisions (Brazil) |
|
|
Art by appropriation vs Art by intention |
Art by Intention: Artist meant as art Art by Appropriation: Things placed in that category by others |
|
|
Art as Subersive |
Art that is upsetting/undermines the status quo/society Ex. Graffiti:Political Vehicle Hmong Needlework |
|
|
ethnomusicology |
Comparative study of music as an aspect of culture |
|
|
Animism |
-Understanding spiritual beliefs (come/understand the same sacred entity) -Idea that there are souls or doubles that exist in state of sleep and trance states -First form of religion |
|
|
Cargo Cults |
Guinea/ Malneisa Missionaries coming in with cargo (blankets etc.) Overthrowing the missionaries to share the goods they bring Interpreting the new influences that arrive through their own beliefs |
|
|
Communitas |
Rite of passage- all these people are going through the same experience together: All going through the same experience as a community of changing status |
|
|
Functions of Religion |
1. Intellectual/Cognitive Function: Search for order and meaning Ex. Science vs. Religion 2. Emotional Functions: Explanation for misfortune, provide comfort, allay fears and reduce anxiety, exercise control (MAGIC) 3. Social Functions: maintain social order, promote social solidarity |
|
|
Kwakiutl |
Franz Boas Speakers can't just report action, they must also say how they know it (structure of their language) |
|
|
Magic |
Supernatural techniques used to accomplish specific goals employed most in situations of greatest uncertainty |
|
|
mana |
Sacred impersonal force *like good luck charm Object that has meaning |
|
|
Myth |
Traditional, often sacred, narratives *teach lessons to guide social order |
|
|
Binary Oppositions |
Levi Strauss Pairs of related terms opposite in meaning Ex. Black/white, good/evil) |
|
|
Revitalization Movements |
Reaction to oppression or rapid culture change |
|
|
Rites of Passage and their stages |
1. Separation (withdraw from community) ex. child 2. Liminal (moment where you’re not here or there; youre in between) 3. Incorporated (you are reborn and have a new status where you live) ex. Adult |
|
|
Syncretism |
Blending of cultural influences emerging from ongoing contact Ex. Melanesia and cargo cults |
|
|
Structuralism |
Levi-strauss -Myths have the same pattern b/c our minds and way of thinking are the same -Binary oppositions: we as human beings have a way of classifying things in 2 different categories |
|
|
Protestant Work Ethic |
-Signs of being the chosen one of being successful or making it far -Religion provided foundation in which it made sense |
|
|
Taboo |
Sacred and forbidden, prohibition backed by supernatural sanctions |
|
|
Totemism |
Religious form of cosmology for imagining and understanding the universe where an animal, plant, etc is associated with a specific social group. |
|
|
Social Construction of Illness |
Sickness is a form of communication, through which nature, culture, and society speak A medical system is an explanatory system: - theory of disease - knowledge and skills - providers of caring and curing |
|
|
historical influences on the development of medical anthropology |
1. Biological Anthropology - biocultural perspective 2. Early ethnographic work 3. Culture and personality school -"National Character" -Cross-cultural studies of mental illness (russians bipolar b/c they were swaddled as infants) 4. International public health movement after WWII |
|
|
non-binary gender roles: xanith, hijra, “two-spirit” role, nadle, guevedoce |
-Native American: two-spirit person high status - India: Hijra Biological males "Neither men nor women" Perform female gender in some ways; deploy "male" behavior in other ways -Oman: Xanith Biological males Legal rights of men Social Interaction with women Not men or women Can become men |
|
|
intersex |
Neither unambiguiously male nor female Ex. Navajo: Nadle spiritually gifted; shamans -Dominican Republic: Guevedoce XY; sexually ambiguous Separate category -Sambia (New Guinea): kwolu-aatmwol |
|
|
sex, gender, sexuality |
Sex=biological; Gender=social and cultural -Sex: biological attributes of men and women -Gender: qualities that are culturally constructed, defined, and elaborated -Gender as performative -Biological determinism -Sexuality: sexual feeling and behavior |
|
|
“sex-positive” and “sex-negative” |
Sex-negative: opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior Inis Beag (Irish) Sex-positive: sexual activity viewed good and healthy Mangaia (Polynesian) |
|
|
feminization of poverty |
Women = less resources than men (incomes below minimum wage) Women= vulnerable of position |
