Anthro 101 Exam 1

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traditions and customs that govern behavior and beliefs; distinctly human; transmitted through learning

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culture

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the research strategy that focuses on native explanations and criteria of significance

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emic

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the research strategy that emphasizes the observer's rather than the natives' explanations, categories, and criteria of significance

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etic

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the position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. Anthropology is characterized by methodological rather than moral relativism--trying to understand another culture fully by understanding its members' beliefs and motivations

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cultural relativism

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social status (e.g., race or gender) that people have little or no choice about occupying

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ascribed status

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an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

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race

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the tendency to view one's own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one's own standards

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ethnocentrism

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earliest stone tools; first discovered in 1931 by LSB and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge

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Oldowan pebble tools

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interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture

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holism

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varied group of Pliocene-Pleistocene hominids. The term is derived from their former classification as members of a distinct subfamily; now distinguished from Homo at the genus level

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Australopithecine

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Hominid type that lived from approximately 1.7 to 300,000 million years ago; widely distributed throughout the Old World; immediate predecessor of Homo Sapiens

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Homo Erectus

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the process of viewing an identity as established, real, and frozen, so as to hide the historical processes and politics within which that identity developed

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essentialism

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adaptive biological changes that occur during the individual's lifetime, made possible by biological plasticity

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phenotypical adaptation

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an organism's hereditary makeup

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genotype

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exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species through direct or indirect interbreeding

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gene flow

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possessing identical alleles of a particular gene

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homozygous

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chromosomes are inherited independently of one another

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independent assortment (Mendel)

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the exchange of cultural features that results when groups come into continuous firsthand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct

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acculturation

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genetic trait masked by a dominant trait

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recessive

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allele that masks another allele in a heterozygote

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dominant

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area in a chromosome pair that determines, wholly or partially, a particular biological trait, such as whether one's blood type is A, B, AB, or O

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gene

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a rule that automatically places the children of a union or mating between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less privileged group

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hypodescent

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identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic group, and exclusion from certain other groups because of this affiliation

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ethnicity

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social status that comes through talents, actions, efforts, activities, and accomplishments, rather than ascription

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achieved status

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the process of change that a minority group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates; the minority is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit

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assimilation

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derived from the French village of St. Acheul, where these tools were first identified; Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associated with Homo Erectus

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Acheulean

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found in Ethiopia, earliest definite hominid; lived between 5.8 and 5.5 million years ago

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Ardipithecus

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term coined by LSB and Mary Leakey; immediate ancestor of Homo Erectus; lived from about 2 to 1.7 million years ago

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Homo Habilis

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an organism's evident traits; its "manifest biology"--anatomy and physiology

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phenotype

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formation of new species; occurs when subgroups of the same species are separated for a sufficient length of time

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speciation

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change in DNA molecules of which genes and chromosomes are built

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mutation

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originally formulated by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace; the process by which nature selects the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, such as the tropics

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natural selection

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having dissimilar alleles of a given gene

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heterozygous

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a biochemical difference involving a particular gene

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allele

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a member of the taxonomic family that includes humans and the African apes and their immediate ancestors

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hominid

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upright two-legged locomotion, the key feature differentiating early hominids from the apes

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bipedalism

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members of Anthropoidea, one of the two suborders of primates; monkeys, apes, and humans

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anthropoids

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borrowing between cultures either directly or through intermediaries

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diffusion

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the social process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations

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enculturation

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H. sapiens neanderthalensis, representing an archaic H. sapiens subspecies, lived in Europe and the Middle East between 130,000 and 30,000 b.p.

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Neanderthal

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procedures by which ethnographers discover and record connections of kinship, descent, and marriage, using diagrams and symbols

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genealogical method

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belief that explanations for past events should be sought in ordinary forces that continue to work today

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uniformitarianism

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someone the ethnographer gets to know in the field, who teaches him or her about their society and culture

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cultural consultant (informant)

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an expert on a particular aspect of local life who helps the ethnographer understand that aspect

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key cultural consultant (key informant)

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field work in a particular culture

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ethnography

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science that examines the ways in which earth sediments are deposited in demarcated layers known as strata

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stratigraphy

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agreement to take part in research, after the people being studied have been told about that research's purpose, nature, procedures, and potential impact on them

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informed consent

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studies ways in which chromosomes transmit genes across the generations

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Mendelian genetics

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the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors

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anthropology

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the study of the human condition; the holistic exploration of what it means to be a human being by understanding humanity's past, present, and future through an understanding of human biology, language, culture, and society

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anthropology

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ways to get information

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ask another person about them (read other reports)
ask another person to ask questions and report back to you (survey; etic info)
hang out with person (participant observation; emic info)

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from discipline's point of view

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etic

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from person's point of view

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emic

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the study of humans

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anthropologos

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components of anthropology

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society, culture, history, biology, language

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anthropological attitude

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suspension of judgment
generosity of spirit
live with, not separate

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friendly openness with concrete people

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rapport

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living with the people you study--acting, recording, not being shy

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participant observation

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an anthropologist's tools

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life history, stories; principal informants; genealogy; interviews; surveys

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fear of friendship in the field...

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loyalty can lead to prejudice

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process by which people internalize a way of being

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enculturation

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something you do without thinking

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habit

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the environment people are in, total environment (place, people, orientation)

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habitus

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something that comes to us as a result of being encultured. the tendency to be inclined toward an activity or an attitude or an orientation

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disposition

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a simple definition of culture

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models of and models for reality
view of the world
moral action, motivation
(in the body, natural, unconscious reactions)

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a human universal: forming categories, creating membership.
perspectives: inside, outside
positive and negative uses: stereotypes-oppressive, identity-shared stories, authenticity, kinship

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ethnicity
-common background
-shared beliefs, values, habits, customs, norms
-language, religion, historical experience, geographical isolation, kinship, "race"

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assigned cultural categories, little choice in occupying them, such as female, 19, African American

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ascribed

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statuses that come through choice and action, such as student, employee, friend

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achieved

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Hispanic and Latino, for example...

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crosscut "racial" categories

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two big categories of state...

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those that arose with some high degree of cultural homogeneity
those formed by outsiders--former colonies--or by conquest of independent smaller states

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always involves dominance; nationalist ideology

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assimilationist society

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often involves dominance, but not necessarily. schools might have dominant language)

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plural society

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positive use of (multiple) group membership

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multiculturalism

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a sense of offspring as in "line of descent"
a kind of species
general classification as in "the human race"
a group of humans

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race

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easy to change: language, names, clothing, practices

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ethnic markers

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meant to be biological: skin color, facial features, hair, body build

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markers of race (ill-fitting categories where such markers don't correspond to each other. race artificially separates what is joined)

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essentialist characteristics, mixing physical characteristics and attitude: warlike, loyal, slow, stout, intelligent, tall

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immutable categories (US)
(race is changeable in Brazil)

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to talk about categories as unchangeable and everyone in that category having those characteristics

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essentializing

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theory that argues that the poor are in their situation for inherent and immutable reasons related to biology

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social darwinism

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dislocation felt when you are outside of your own cultural world--the sense of being an object, of not quite being regarded as human

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outsider

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to take an abstraction such as IQ and treat it as though it is real

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reification

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to take a complex process and reduce it to one or two causes (oversimplifying)

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reductionism

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he tried to prove that skull size --> brain size --> intelligence in races.
didn't account for body size, male vs. female. rounded numbers to his liking. (culture-influenced "science")

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Samuel Morton

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he wanted to identify children that had learning problems so that they could receive additional attention.
he worried that his tests would be misused to give up on kids that needed help.
argued that intelligence could not be abstracted as a single number

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Alfred Binet

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he argued strictly for heredity and not the environment, classic social darwinism
ignored the possibility of biased tests or poverty's limits on test-taking abilities

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Robert Yerkes (thought that earlier immigrants were just smarter)

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Spearman's general intelligence

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"g" (Arthur Jensen defended this and "the great chain of being to explain racial differences in tests--problem that there's no culture-free test designer)

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IQ scores have increased over the years

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Flynn Effect

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the idea that phenotypical characteristics could be passed down from generation to generation (such as being muscular)

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Lamarckianism

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the concept of a species

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unity--a population whose members can produce offspring who can themselves live and reproduce

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groups sharing a common ancestor but who cannot interbreed to produce offspring who themselves can live and reproduce

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speciation--creating new kinds

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physical representation of nature and nurture

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phenotype

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underlying, genetically-based mix of characteristics

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genotype

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something new, like a mutation

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genetic variety

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something old and lost through random processes

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genetic drift
(wheras keeping it together is gene flow)

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properties of (acheulean) tools (H. erectus)

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symmetry-makers knew what they wanted to make
learning required--social life included teaching
versatility
fire-cooking, socializing
shelter
symbol-design and symbolic use of color

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first out of Africa

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H. erectus

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hypothesis that H. sapiens originated in Africa and spread

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Eve hypothesis (based on mitochondrial DNA research)

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mitochondrial DNA shows...

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lowest variance among groups that just split apart

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the hypothesis that h. sapiens were spread throughout the whole world

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multiregional continuity hypothesis (evolution)
argue from fossil evidence

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mt DNA

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inherited only through women
present in both men and women
mutation is at a more or less constant rate
mutation rate is faster than for nuclear DNA
not involved in sexual reproduction

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when we left Africa

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130,000 years ago

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when Eve was present in Africa

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200,000 years ago

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when we split from chimps

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5 million years ago

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one truth of the human condition

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we are a species that must live in terms of meaning

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four subfields of anthro are all concerned with

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the study of human diversity in time and space

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to criticize IQ as a measure of intelligence because it is a reification is to say that

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it is an abstraction treated as though it were concrete

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in Love and Honor in the Himalayas...

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anthro is a uniquely reflexive discipline