Anthro 1 Midterm

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ALFRED WALLACE

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The best adapted survived; the less well adapted perished
H.M.S. beagle.

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CHARLES DARWIN

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Concept of NATURAL SELECTION, why did some species survive while others perished.

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CHARLES LYELL

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1836 The processes at work in the present are the same processes that have been active throughout the history of the earth.

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CUVIER

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Explained the fossil record as the result of succession of catastrophes followed by new creation events.

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GREGOR MENDEL

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Experimented with fertilization of flowers (new color variations)

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LAMARCK

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Believed that species change was influenced by environmental change. He is best known for his theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

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THOMAS MALTHUS

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Taxonomy? Where genus and species names are used to refer to species. Ie. Homo sapiens.

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CATASROPHISM VS UNIFORMITARIANISM

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Catasrophism: implies that huge events would wipe out a population in one area then new things would populate the area by migration
Uniforitarianism: the processes that happen now have always happened since the beginning of earth

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GREAT CHAIN OF BEING

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A ladder of simple to complex categories of species ranking from inferior to superior.

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SPECIES

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A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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LAW/PRINCPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

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each gene in a pair is distributed independently during the formation of eggs or sperm

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LAW/PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION

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Two alleles from each parent segregate into different gametes

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Allele & Gene

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Allele is an alternate form of a Gene . a gene is a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in an entire protein, a portion of a protein or any functional product. A gene is made up of tons od DNA bases.

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Chromosome

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Discrete structures composed of DNA and protein found only in the nuclei of cells

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Co-dominance

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The expression of two alleles in heterozygotes. Neither allele is dominant or recessive.

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Cross-over

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When broken chromosomes in a DNA chain recombine with other fragments

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Dihybrid crosses

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when gene pairs are assorted into different gametes resulting in different charecteristics. (mom= blonde blue eyes, dad=black hair brown eyes... baby = blonde, brown eyes)

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Dominant, Recessive

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Dominant: Visible trait that prevents the appearance of a recessive trait

Recessive: trait not visible when paired with a dominant trait

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Genotype, Phenotype

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The genetic makeup of an individual. Phenotype is the observable expressions of genotypes

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Homologous Chromosomes

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Homologous chromosomes contain the same loci.

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Homozygous, Heterozygous

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Homozygous is having same alleles at the same locus on members of chromosome pair. Heterozygous is having different alleles.

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Pleiotropic Traits; Polygenic Traits

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The phenomenon of one gene being responsible for or affecting more than one phenotypic characteristic. – pleiotropic
Traits controlled by more than one allele - polygenic

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Polymorphism; Balanced polymorphism

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Loci with more than one allele

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Protein and amino acids

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Protein: 3 dimensional molecules that serve a wide variety of functions through their ability to bind to other molecules.
Amino Acids: small parts that make up protien

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Sickle cell trait/anemia & Malaria

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a severe inherited hemoglobin disorder in which red blood cells collapse when deprived of oxygen. It results from inheriting two copies of a mutant allele. This mutation is caused by a single base substitution in the DNA. – sickle cell
Malaria – multiplies in red blood cells and destroys them. Get from mosquitoes.

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X and Y Chromosomes

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Chromosomes which determine sex. Females have two X chromosomes while males have one X and one Y.

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ABO Group, Rh Factor, MN Group

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Four possible phenotypes that can be produced from…6 possible genotypes – ABO group. O = 45% A = 42% B = 10% AB = 3%
RH factor - Another group of antigens found on red blood cells.
MN group: higher risk of hypertension

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Antigen and Anti-body

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Antigen- large molecules found on the surface of cells.
Anti-body – proteins that are found in blood that fight off harmful stuff.

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Allopatric speciation

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Some type of barrier that does not allow for species to intertwine, then one of the species can “change” and when the barrier goes away the 2 different species may not be able to interbreed.

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Ecological Niche

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The position of a species within its physical and biological environment.

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Fitness

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Pertaining to natural selection, a measure of relative reproductive success of individuals.

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Forces of Evolution

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Mutation, migration, founder effect, natural selection, and genetic drift

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Founder Effect

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A type of genetic drift in which allele frequencies are altered in a small populations that are taken from, or are remnants of, larger populations.

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Gene Flow

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Exchange of genes between populations

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Gene Pool

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The total complement of genes shared by reproductive members of a population.

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Genetic Drift

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Evolutionary changes, changes in allele frequencies produced by random factors. Result of small population size.

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Geographic Range

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Boundaries of where certain species are living.

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Hardy-Weinberg

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In the absence of evolutionary processes, gene frequencies (allele frequencies) will remain constant from generation to generation (Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium).

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Macroevolution

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Large scale change

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Microevolution

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Small genetic change

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Migration

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Move from one place to another.

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Modern Synthesis

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It is the net result of all the forces of evolution acting on ALL populations that determines the fate of species as a whole.

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Mutagen

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agents of mutation; Chemicals, Radiatio,n Extreme temperatures.

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Mutation

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A change in DNA

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Natural Selection

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The most critical mechnanism of evolutionary change, first articulated by charles Darwin. Refers to a genetic change.

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Phyletic Gradualism

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Species are always changing with time. Never a period of no change (steady)

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Punctuated Equilibrium

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Change due to a big event after a long period of no change (a.k.a. a "stasis").

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Selective Pressure

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Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals

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Unit of Evolution

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natural selection as an entire population

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Unit of Selection

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individual form of natural selection

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"Race"

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Categories of size, shape, color and hair texture. Race is culturally defined.

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Acclimatization

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Physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during someones lifetime.

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Adaptation

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Living things behavior change due to environment.

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Allen's Rule

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In warm-blooded species, the relative size of exposed portions of the body decreases with a decrease of mean temperature. In colder climates, appendages should be short, thereby reducing the amount of surface area.

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Bergmann's Rule

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As weight (mass) increases, the relative amount of surface area decreases proportionately.
in English: species of larger size are found in colder environments, and species of smaller size are found in warmer areas

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Kuru

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Neurodegenerative disorder Loss of balance Incoordination Tremor, Initial shivering tremor Progresses to complete motor incapacity, Death within one year of onset.

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Kwashiorkor

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Severe protein deficiency, Tissue swelling, Anemia, Loss of hair, Apathy

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Lactase

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Enzyme which breaks down dairy products.

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Marasmus

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Caused by the combined effects of protein and calorie deficiency

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Diaphysis, Epiphysis, Metaphysis

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When the diaphysis meets the epiphysis, the metaphysis disappears. Ends fuse and longitudinal growth ceases.

Diaphysis is the middle part of the bone, Epiphysis is the end parts and meta is in between them.

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Harris lines

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A growth interruption marker in a bone that marks some sort of nutritional deficit.

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ANTHROPOLOGY AND SUBFIELDS

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Anthropology is the study of humans. There are four fields of Anthropology.

1) Cultural - study of human culture
2) Physical or biological - studies physical traits of humans
3) Linguistic
4) Archeology

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ETHNOCENTRISM; HOLISTIC

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Ethnocentrism is viewing other cultures from the perspective of your own culture. Leads to bias.

Holistic: the idea that any system cannot be explained by breaking it down into parts but that everything works as a whole.

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GOULD AND ELDREDGE

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Introduced the idea of Punctuated Equillibrium, which states that most animals experience long stretches of evolutionary stasis punctuated by bursts of speciation.

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LINNAEUS

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Established early taxonomy.

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THEORY OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS

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Written by Lamarck
the idea that animals adapt physically to their environment throughout their lives.

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DNA, Base pair

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DNA - codes for all characteristics of all life on earth (some viruses excluded). Instructions for how to build an organism.
Base pair - basic component of DNA and RNA. DNA is made of 4 molecules; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine. These pair off to form the genetic code. Adenine always pairs with thymine, cytosine always with guanine.