Anth Exam 2

Front 1

Theories of the Origin of the State

Back 1

Irrigation, Population Growth/Circumscription/ War, trade, class exploitation

- likely multicausal

Front 2

Centers of Early Civilation

Back 2

Mesopotamia (Sumeria)

Egypt

Harappan (Indus Valley)

China

Peru/Andes (Incan Empire)

Mesoamerica (highlands/lowlands)

Front 3

Definitions of Civilization (simple)

Back 3

State: autonomous political identity with central power over the community that is backed by force

City: dense and permanent concentration of population; center of economic power/activity

Front 4

Definition of State (Gordon Childe)

Back 4

Societies that have large populations/cities have

- full time, specialized division of labor

- social stratification

- production/concentration of agricultural surplus (taxes/tributes)

- political organization (the State)

- monumental public works

- distinctive art

- long distance trade

- writing systems

- beginning of sciences (exact/predictive), early math and astronomy

Front 5

Consequences of Food Production

Back 5

- sedentism (often)

- accelerated population growth (social impact)

- declining health of individual (less varied diet, reliance, famines)

- surplus/elaboration of tech (pyro)

- more material possessions

- more long distance trade

Front 6

Theories of Agricultural Origins

Back 6

- discovering seeds grow into plants

- farming is easier

- Childe's "Oasis Theory" areas began to dry

- Braidwood & Willey broad spectrum adaptations

- Cohen's "food crisis" in prehistory

- Binford & Flannery marginal areas, movement from beautiful to marginal areas, need to innovate food supply

Front 7

Eastern North America domesticated:

Back 7

Goosefoot, sumpweed

Front 8

Subsaharan Africa domesticated:

Back 8

Sorghum, millet, oil palm

Front 9

Southeast Asia domesticated:

Back 9

Yams, chicken

Front 10

Andean Highlands domesticated:

Back 10

Potatoes, sweet potatoes, quinoa, llamas, alpacas

Front 11

Chinese Neolithic domesticated:

Back 11

Rice, millet, water buffalo

Front 12

Mesoamerica domesticated:

Back 12

Guila Naquitz, corn, squash, beans

Front 13

Neolithic Villages in Southwest Asia

Back 13

Ali Kosh (Modern Day Iran) 7500-5500 BC

Çatalhayouk (bull imagery/figurines, near obsidian)

Front 14

Cultivation

Back 14

Tending plants :^)

Front 15

Domestication

Back 15

Tending animals :^)

Front 16

Agriculture

Back 16

Creates society :^)

Front 17

Agriculture (climactic context)

Back 17

After last glacial maximum (22k-19k BC)

Climates trends warmer

Sea levels rise

Forests spread

Front 18

Derived Traits of Homo sapiens

Back 18

2-1-2-3 dentition

Bipedalism

Larger Brains

Vertical vertebral column (S curve)

Head balanced atop spinal column

Basin-like pelvis

Long straight legs

Arched prehensile feet

Hands with long flexible thumbs

Precision grip

Concealed female estrus

Tool-making

Language

Hunting large animals

Division of labor by sex

Front 19

Homo erectus

Back 19

~ 1.8 mya, Pleistocene Epoch

thick cranium, larger brain (900-1100 cc) expensive tissue hypthesis???, modern arm/leg proportions, slender pelvis, barrel-shaped chest

Front 20

Turkana boy

Back 20

H. Erectus

1.56 mya, early pleistocene

Likely died around age 8 based on enamel rods,

but had the dentition of an 11-12 year old and body of a 14 year old

Front 21

Java Man

Back 21

Sangiran 17, Java

Brain 800-900 cc

Shelf-like brow ridge

Prognathic

Front 22

Peking Man

Back 22

Zhoukoudian 500kya

Brain size 1000+ cc

Associated with chopper-chopping tool tradition

Movius Line

Front 23

Acheulean Tool Industry

Back 23

Bifacial handaxes, cleavers, hard/soft hammer flaking

Front 24

Dmanisi

Back 24

Pleistocene

Aapuera, Burgo Mountains, Spain - Sima del Elefante

Partial mandible 1.2 mya

associated with Oldowan-type lithic tools

Sometimes considered the "European H. erectus"

Toothless Dmanisi man shows they likely cared for him as a group

Front 25

Mesopotamia

Back 25

arguably the 1st civilization

Formation Period 5000-3500 BC

Sumerian 3500-2000 BC

Front 26

Mesopotamian Formation

Back 26

5000-3500 BC

Beginnings of settlement heirarchy

Signs of social heirarchy (class development)

Irrigation systems

Population growth

Craft specialization/Tech sophistication

Increased trade value for material

Front 27

Mesopotamian Sumerian Civilization

Back 27

Cities: Uruk (temples), Ur (royal graves)

Early dynastic period

Evolution of cuneiform

Front 28

Egypt

Back 28

Upper vs Lower cities (reversed, upper in South, lower in North)

Red Land, Black Land

Giza Pyramids 2589-2508 BC built in Old/Middle Periods

Heiroglyphs had standardized style

Invention of paper (papyrus)

"Book of the Dead" detailing religious beliefs

Front 29

Harappan / Indus River Valley

Back 29

2500-2000 BC (later than Mesopotamia or Egypt)

Characterized by large brick cities

Social classes (not as stark as others)

Drain systems

Harappan writing signets undecipherable

Front 30

Chinese Empire Emergence

Back 30

Continuity through to modern civilization

Shang 2000-1079 BC

Taotie Motif

Elaborate bronze works

Royal burials (valuable treasures, POWs sacrificed to serve)

Oracle bones

Bronze inscriptions

Front 31

Peru - Andean / Incan Empire

Back 31

Short river valleys (coastal)

Inca empire spanned almost entire South American West coast

Terracing hillsides, roads

Machu Picchu

No writing, but had cord/knot record keeping system

Front 32

Mesoamerica (highlands/lowlands)

Back 32

Teotihuacana dominated central highlands 150 BC - AD 750 (Aztecs)

Tenochtitlan

Likely didn't have fully developed writing system

Mayan calendar (Lowlands)

Front 33

Oldowan Artifact Explanations

Back 33

- home base for "Man the Hunter"- Lewis Binford's "Man the Scavenger"- hydraulic jumbles- stone caches- favored places with amenities

Front 34

Denisovans

Back 34

Denisova Cave, Altai Mountains, Siberia

Ancient DNA (aDNA) in finger bone/assorted teeth/bone needle unearthed new species

living contemporaneously with neanderthalensis and AMH, a sister species

Crosses Wallace Line into Papau New Guinea

Front 35

Sagittal keel

Back 35

Ridge of bone (v-shaped) running lengthwise along midline of the top of the skull (pointy skull)

Front 36

Occipital torus

Back 36

Prominent bulge/projection of the occipital bone at the the back of the skull

Hint 36

Occipital bun

Front 37

Prognathism

Back 37

Facial features stick out/portrude/are pushed forward

Front 38

Eocene Epoch

Back 38

Geological epoch 55-34 mya

This is when the first primates appeared

Front 39

Omomyids

Back 39

Type of prosimian with tarsier-like features

Appeared in early Eocene

Front 40

Adapid

Back 40

Type of prosimian with lemur-like features

Appeared in early Eocene

Front 41

Oligocene Epoch

Back 41

Geological epoch from 34-24 mya

first definite emergence of anthropoids

Front 42

Fayum Basin

Back 42

site Southwest of Cairo, Egypt

World's best record of Oligocene primate fossils found here

Front 43

Aegyptopithecus

Back 43

- Best known propliopithecid

- From Oligocene epoch

- Likely moved quadrupedally in trees

- Low molars with large cusps suggest a diet of mostly fruit

- Small eyes suggest diurnal activity

- Endocasts suggest large area of brain dedicated to vision as opposed to smell

- small brain, long muzzle

Front 44

Miocene Epoch

Back 44

Geological epoch from 24-5.2 mya

proto-ape fossils from this epoch, early monkeys

Front 45

Proconsul

Back 45

Best known genus of proto-apes from early Miocene

Much larger than any anthropoids from Oligocene epoch

Lacked tail

Primarily an arboreal quadruped

Fruit and leaf eaters

Front 46

Pierolapithecus

Back 46

A middle Miocene ape that has wrists and vertebrae that would have made it capable of brachiation, but also had relatively short fingers like modern monkeys

A good candidate to be the ancestor of modern forest-dwelling apes

Front 47

Sivapithecus

Back 47

Genus of ape from later Miocene (~13 mya) known for thickly enameled teeth, suggesting a diet of hard/tough/gritty items

Primarily found in Western and Southern Asia, thought to be the ancestor to orangutans

Front 48

Dryopithecus

Back 48

Genus of ape from later Miocene (~15 mya) found primarily in Europe

Had thin tooth enamel and pointed molar cusps similar to modern frugivorous chimps

Front 49

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Back 49

A hominoid found in Chad ~ 7 mya

Late Miocene

Unique mix of hominin and hominoid traits

Possibly the earliest known hominin?

Hominoid: skull, small brain, large brow ridge, wide face

Hominin: teeth (especially canines)

No evidence of bipedalism aside from possible location of foramen magnum

Front 50

Orrorin tugenensis

Back 50

A supposedly bipedal primate ~5.8-6 mya

Possibly the earliest known hominin?

Late Miocene

"Millennium Man"

Front 51

Ardipithecus ramidus & Ardipithecus kadabba

Back 51

~ 4.5 mya, Plio-Pleistocene

Perhaps the earliest known hominins?

"Ardi"

Dentition combines ape-like and australopithecine-like features

Mosaic of ancestral and derived traits

Possibly bipedal, not fully

Front 52

Australopithecus afarensis

Back 52

Lived ~4-3 mya in East Africa

Plio-Pleistocene

Gracile

Brain size 380-450 ccs

Definitely bipedal!

Very sexually dimorphic, generally accepted as descendent of A. anamensis

"Lucy" 40% complete skeleton found in Hadar Region, Ethiopia

"Laetoli footprints" in Laetoli, Tanzania from ~3.5 mya of 3 individuals, proved habitual bipedality

Ancestral features: small brain, prognathic, strong nuchal crest

Front 53

Australopithecus anamensis

Back 53

~ 4.4-3.9 mya

Plio-Pleistocene

Gracile

Mix of ancestral and derived traits

Bipedality based off of tibia morphology

Ancestral: small brain/body, prognathic, mosaic of traits

Derived: intermediate dentition (between ardipithecus and later), bipedality

Front 54

Ardipithecus africanus

Back 54

~ 3.5-2 mya South Africa

Plio-Pleistocene

Gracile

"Taung Child" found in rock quarry

"Mrs. Ples" discovered near Sterkfontein, most complete skeleton, considered the "Lucy" of South Africa

Postcranially similar to A. afarensis

Less prognathic, rounded cranium

Large molars, strong lower jaw, nasal pillars

Front 55

Australopithecus garhi

Back 55

~ 2.5 mya

Plio-Pleistocene

Possibly the first tool-makers

Ancestral: small brain, very prognathic

Derived: long legs relative to arms

Unique: sagittal crest, teeth too large for gracile

Not really gracile or robust

Front 56

Paranthropus aethiopicus

Back 56

Also classified as "Australopithecus"

~ 2.7-2.5 mya "black skull"

Plio-Pleistocene

Earliest paranthropoid

Robust

Ancestral: prognathic, large anterior teeth

Robust: large molars, sagittal crest, dish face

Front 57

Paranthropus boisei

Back 57

Also classified as "Astralopithecus"

~ 2.3-1.2 mya

Plio-Pleistocene

Hyper robust

Largest postcanine dentition of any hominin

Front 58

Paranthropus robustus

Back 58

~2.3-1 mya

Plio-Pleistocene

Robust

Very similar to P. boisei, less extreme robust

Sagittal crest, flaring cheeks (dish face)

Front 59

Australopithecus sediba

Back 59

~ 2 mya, South Africa

Plio-Pleistocene

Ancestral: small brain, australopithecine shoulder, long arms, curved phalanges, primitive feet

Derived: smaller teeth, narrower cheeks (zygomatics), less postorbital constriction, gracile upper limbs, narrow pelvis

Front 60

Pliocene Epoch

Back 60

Geological epoch 5.2-1.6 mya

Earliest definite hominids appeared and diversified around this time

Front 61

Cenozoic Era: 7 Epochs

Back 61

Front 62

Oldowan Tool Industry

Back 62

~ 2.5 mya

Named after Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Earliest stone tool-making tradition

Mainly flake&core tools, choppers, manuports

Mainly unifacial

Kanjeri Site: bones with marks from stone tools (cannibalism?)

Lomekwi, Kenya near Lake Turkana

Likely used by garhi, habilis, and erectus

Front 63

Movius Line

Back 63

Marked boundaries between the distribution of bifacial Acheulean tools vs Oldowan tools (technological difference)

Front 64

Homo habilus

Back 64

~ 3-2 mya

Pleistocene

Early species of Homo

Brain size 630-640 cc (1/2 of modern humans)

"Handy man"

Front 65

Homo rudolfensis

Back 65

Early species of Homo

Pleistocene

Very similar to H. habilis (some make no distinction between them), just bigger

Brain size 750-775 cc

Front 66

Lower Paleolithic

Back 66

Period of Oldowan and Acheulean tool traditions

Front 67

Homo heidelbergensis

Back 67

transitional species between H. erectus and H. sapiens

1200-1400 cc brains

Pleistocene

Archaic/premodern Homo

Rounded cranium, very robust

"Rhodesian Man"

Mid-Pleistocene 780-128 kya

Kabwe, Zambia

Shöningen spears

Front 68

Homo neanderthalensis

Back 68

Robust close relative to humans

Evolved from H. heidelbergensis

Mid-Pleistocene

Interbred with AMH

Mainly occupied Europe

Front 69

Pleistocene Epoch

Back 69

2.6 mya - 11.7 kya

Marked by advances/retreats of massive continental glaciations

Emergence of Neanderthals, advanced Acheulean technology (woodworks, marine resource exploitation, simple dwellings) into Mousterian tool industry

Front 70

Neanderthal Traits

Back 70

Low cranium

Lacked strong chin

Brow ridge projected at midline

Large brain

Occipital Bun

Wide/projecting nose

Robust muscle attachments

Broad barrel chest, shorter limbs (Bergmann's/Allen's rules)

Front 71

Neandertal Behavior

Back 71

Mousterian Tools

Settlements

Subsisted on hunting large animals (short range), exploited marine resources

Symbolic speech, likely lacked grammar

Deliberate burials

Front 72

Homo naledi

Back 72

350-250 kya

Mix of Australopithecus and Homo traits

Brain size 450-600 cc

Front 73

Gesher Benet Ya'akov

Back 73

800 kya

First known use of fire

Stone tools with fractured pot lid from contact with fire

Front 74

Middle Paleolithic

Back 74

Tool assemblages

- Mousterian: levalkis flake/core, knife/point/scraper/biface

- Mid-Stone Age (MSA) Africa

Front 75

Upper Paleolithic

Back 75

Industries of Europe/Asia: indirect percussion flaking

Mobiliary Art (Venus figurines), use of symbolism, animal figurines

Cave art showed animal depictions, tectiforms, engravings/clay figurines

"The Sorcerer"

Elaborate burials - possibly social rank?

Front 76

Origin/Dispersal of Modern Humans & Behavior

Back 76

- typological diversity and artifact standardization, more rapid artifact change through time, ornaments/art symbolism

- organization/dwelling space

- long distance transport/exchange of lithic material

- broad spectrum economics

- greater population density

- prey selectivity in large mammal hunting

- storage facilities

- occupation of different environments

Front 77

End of Last Glacial Period (End of Pleistocene)

Back 77

9600 BC end of Pleistocene, beginning of Holocene

Megafaunal extinctions

Front 78

Post-Glacial Hunter-Gatherers

Back 78

Mesolithic

Broad spectrum hunting/gathering

Bow/arrow ~ 1300 BC

Fishing equipment

Sickles

Grinding stones

Storage pits

Monolithics

Front 79

Early Agriculture

Back 79

Neolithic

First animal domesticated was the dog for companionship/guardianship

Domestication

Squash ~ 6000 BC

Corn ~ 4000 BC

Front 80

Homo floresiensis

Back 80

100-50 kya

Reminiscent of H. habilus

Small body, small brains, occipital torus

Found with remains of dwarf elephant

Oldowan tools

Similar to H. luzonensis from Philippines

Island Dwarfism

Microcephaly

Hint 80

"Hobbits"

Front 81

Fate of the Neandertals

Back 81

- possible infighting with AMH

- possibly absorbed completely into AMH

- possibly outcompeted by AMH

- pushed out west by AMH until extinction?

Iberian Peninsula "Last Refugia" in Spain/Portugal

Ebro frontier: line of demarcation in Pyranese Mountains separating AMH and Neandertal settlements

Front 82

Homo sapiens OUT OF AFRICA

Back 82

Entered New World ~30 kya, likely through coastal route

Front 83

Behavior During Acheulean Period

Back 83

Big Game Eating

Fire

Campsites

Religions/Rituals

Front 84

Mousterian Tool Industry

Back 84

Mainly associated with Neandertals and some AMH

Tool assemblages

- levalkis flakes/core, knife/point/scraper/biface

- Mid-Stone Age (MSA) Africa

Front 85

Behavioral Modernity

Back 85

Cooked foods

Burial of Dead

Language

Figurative Art

Front 86

Commensalism

Back 86

A relationship where one party benefits and the second party derives no benefit or harm