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58 Cards in this Set
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Anthropology |
Discipline that studies humans, focusing on differences and similarities, in human populations - broad in scope, comparative, holistic, evolutionary |
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Subfields of Anthropology |
Ethnology, Anthropological Linguistics, Archaeology, Biological Anthropology |
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Acclimatization |
Impermanent physiological changes that people make when they encounter a new environment Permanent - developmental plasticity |
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Anthropoids |
Higher Primates Monkeys, apes, humans |
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Applied Anthropology |
Any kind of anthropological done to solve practical problems |
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Adaptation |
Responses by organisms that allow them to survive and reproduce in particular environments |
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Potassium-Argon Dating |
Radioactive isotopes of potassium (k40) to argon (ar40) creating k/ar dating with half-life of 1.33 bya Dated through volcanic deposits such as basalts/tuffs Ranges as old as earth to circa 100kya |
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Absolute Dating Methods (Chronometric/Radiometric) |
Radiocarbon Potassium-Argon |
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Adaptive Customs/Cultural Adaptation |
Cultural traits learned through society that enhance survival and reproduction |
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Allele |
One member of a gene pair |
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Anthropological Linguistics |
Study of languages |
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Archaeology |
Branch of anthropology that seeks to reconstruct daily life and customs of peoples who lived in the past to trace and explain cultural changes |
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Bergmann's Rules |
Populations in warmer climates have less body mass than those in cooler climates |
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Allen's Rule |
Protruding body parts of those in colder climates are relatively shorter than those in warmer climates |
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Biological Anthropology |
Study of humans as biological organisms dealing with emergence of evolution and human variation |
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Brachiation |
swinging hand over hand through trees |
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Gloger's Rule |
Mammals and birds living in warmer climates have more melanin than those who live in colder climates |
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Enthnology |
Study of how and why recent cultures differ or are similar |
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Ethnography |
Description of a society's customary behaviors and ideas |
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Uniformitarianism |
Theory that changes in Earth's crust during geological history have resulted from action of of continuous and uniform processes Ex) wind corrosion |
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Catastrophism |
All of Earth's features were produced by a few great catastrophes throughout history |
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Ecofacts |
Natural artifacts made of biomatter that humans have used or affected Ex) leather |
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Fossils |
Impression/hardened remains of a once living organism |
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Feature |
A type of artifact that cannot be easily removed from a site |
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Theory |
Body of well-tested hypotheses that explains a great range of data regarding an aspect of nature |
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Artifact |
Anything made or modified by humans |
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Relative Dating Methods |
Stratification Indicator artifacts |
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Gene |
Chemical unit of heredity |
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Genetic Drift |
Various random processes that affect genre frequencies in small/relatively isolated populations |
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Gene Flow |
Process by which genes pass from gene pool of one population to that of another through mating |
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Genotype |
Total complement of inherited traits or genes of an organism |
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Heterozygous |
Possessing different genes or alleles |
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Homozygous |
Possessing the same genes or alleles |
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Human Variation |
How and why contemporary human populations vary biologically |
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Hypoxia |
Condition of oxygen deficiency that occurs at high altitudes |
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Indicator Artifacts |
Items that changed relatively rapidly through history and can be used to indicate the age of associated items (Clovis points are older than Folsom points) |
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Knuckle-Walking |
Locomotive pattern of primates in which upper part of body weight is supported on their thickly padded knuckles |
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Phenotype |
Observable physical appearance of an organism which may or may not reflect it's genotype |
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Primate |
Member of mammalian order Primates divided into 2 suborders Prosimian Anthropoid |
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Prosimians |
"pre-monkeys" One of 2 suborders Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers |
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Radiocarbon Dating |
Dating method that uses radioactive isotopes of Carbon (c14) decays to nitrogen with half-life of 5,730 years Ranges back 50kya, formatted 11,510±120 years before present Limitations: can only date organic material |
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Klineberg Analysis of WWI IQ Test Scores |
Evidence against assumption that white and black people have native differences in intelligence test performances |
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Flynn Effect |
Long sustained increase in intelligence over time |
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Great Chain of Being |
Heirarchical structure of all matter and life decreed by God God > Angels > Humans > Animals > Plants > Minerals |
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Linnaean Classification of Homo sapiens |
Order Primates Suborder Anthropoidia (higher primates) Family Hominidae (great apes + humans) Tribe Hominini (hominins) Genus Homo Species sapiens |
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Primitive Traits |
Pentadactyl Hands (5 fingers)
Retention of clavicle |
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Derived Traits |
Prehensile hands/feet Basin-like pelvis
Rotating Forearm S-curved spine, head balanced on top Vision (dominant sense)/forward facing eyes
Large Brains/small olfaction
Fewer young, longer growth/lifespan
Tendency for permanent social groups
Omnivorous
Diurnal |
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Platyrrhines |
N/S American Monkeys
Broad nosed, prehensile tail
Teeth 2133
2 subgroups: Callitrichids - marmosets/tamarins Cebids - some have prehensile tails, larger |
New World |
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Catarrhines |
Monkeys, Apes, Humans
Narrow nose, nonprehensile tails, usually in multi-male groups
Teeth 2123 2 subgroups: Colobine - mainly arboreal, leafy diets, pouched stomach to digest cellulose Colobine - mainly arboreal, leafy diets, pouched stomach to digest celluloseCercopithecine - arboreal/terrestrial, varied diets, cheek pouches, ischial callosities Cercopithecine - arboreal/terrestrial, varied diets, cheek pouches, ischial callosities |
Old World |
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Walter Francis White |
The phenomenon of passing |
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Why shouldn't we use the term "race"? |
A race is a biological classification to differentiate species, but is often used instead to instill social class |
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Cross-Over |
A form of recombination
Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes resulting in mixture of parental characteristics of offspring |
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Recombination |
Rearrangement of genetic material by crossing over chromosomes from different organisms |
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Meiosis |
Division of cells |
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Law of Segregation |
Allele pairs segregate during gamete formation and randomly unit at fertilization |
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Mutation |
Changes/mistakes in DNA when it's copied |
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Whiting and Postpartum Sex Taboo |
Low protein populations have longer sex taboos, high protein populations have shorter sex taboos |
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Speciation |
The evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become a distinct species |
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