Anps Final Exam Part 3

Front 1

blind spot

Back 1

optic disc area where you can't see from because neurons and blood vessels are coming from it. lack photoreceptors

Front 2

fovea/ macula

Back 2

retinal area with the sharpest vision and the greatest density of cones

Front 3

cones

Back 3

color vision, 3 photopigments (red, green, blue)

Front 4

macular degeneration

Back 4

loss of central vision

Front 5

how is light converted to a neural signal

Back 5

photoreceptors detect light and send it to bipolar cels which sharpen the image and then ganglion cells which send the signal to the brain

Front 6

rods

Back 6

black/ white vision. sensitive to blue light

Front 7

color blindness is caused by damage to what protein

Back 7

opsin which is part of the rhodopsin photopigment and is located only on the x chromosome

Front 8

visual pathway

Back 8

ganglion cell axons form the optic nerve from both eyes come in at the level of the hypothalamus. cross at the optic chiasm. go to the superior colliculus and then tot he thalamus and then through optic radiations to the visual cortex

Front 9

dorsal visual pathway

Back 9

where something is

Front 10

ventral visual pathway

Back 10

what something is

Front 11

prosopagnosia

Back 11

inability to recognize faces

Front 12

somatosensation

Back 12

sensing my body (touch, pressure, vibration etch.) (proprioception) (visceral senses- visceral pain, hunger, nausea, thirst)

Front 13

nociceptors

Back 13

detect pain. free nerve endings sense tissue damage, chemical signals, temp extremes

Front 14

thermoreceptors

Back 14

free nerve endings sensing temperature. if the cold or hot gets too extreme, it will switch over from a thermoreceptor to a nociceptor

Front 15

chemoreceptors

Back 15

respond to chemicals in interstitial fluid (H+, O2, CO2). tell you if you are thirsty or need to take a deep breath

Front 16

mecahnoreceptor

Back 16

mechanical changes in skin, internal organs, or joints and muscles.

include superficial/ deep cutaneous, baroreceptors, proprioreceptors

Front 17

superficial cutaneous

Back 17

highly sensitive to fine touch and pressure for specific localization

Front 18

deep cutaneous

Back 18

less sensitive crude touch and pressure for less specific localization

Front 19

baroreceptors

Back 19

detect internal pressure in things like blood vessels, bladder, gi

Front 20

proprioreceptors

Back 20

joints and muscle receptors to monitor limb position

Front 21

receptive field

Back 21

part of the body which a receptor is monitoring or can be stimulated.

fingers have small receptive field

Front 22

slowly adapting receptors

Back 22

respond throughout the stimulus duration

Front 23

rapidly adapting receptors

Back 23

only respond at the beginning of the stimulus

Front 24

how are receptor potentials different from action potentials

Back 24

action potentials are all-or-none and receptor potentials are graded and summed

Front 25

5 skin receptors

Back 25

meissner's corpuscle, merkel cell, pacinian corpuscle, ruffini ending, free nerve ending

Front 26

free nerve ending

Back 26

detect pain, very superficial so pain can be sensed first

Front 27

meissner's corpuscle

Back 27

corpuscle means that it detects vibration. rapidly adapting, detects low frequency vibration

Front 28

merkel cell

Back 28

light pressure, slowly adapting cell

Front 29

pacinian corpuscle

Back 29

rapidly adapting for vibration. deep vibration

Front 30

ruffini ending

Back 30

slowly adapting for pressure, deep pressure

Front 31

mechanoreceptors use what four pathways

Back 31

spinocerebellar and cuneocerebeller for unconscious sensations

dorsal column and medial lemniscal for conscious sensation

Front 32

nocioceptors and thermoreceptors use what path

Back 32

anterolateral (spinothalamic)

Front 33

dorsal spinocerebellar pathway

Back 33

detects position of lower extremities (leg) (where it is in space). tells cerebellum length and tension of muscle

Front 34

cuneocerebellar pathway

Back 34

detects position of upper extremity (where it is in space)

Front 35

neural pathway for cuneocerebellar/ spinocerebellar

Back 35

muscle cell neuron goes to cerebellum and then to the thalamus and then to the post central gyrus

Front 36

stroke to cortex leads to damage on ____ side, stroke to cerebellum leads to damage on the ___ side

Back 36

opposite, same

Front 37

inferior cerebellar peduncle

Back 37

unconscious proprioception info (what you are doing)

Front 38

superior cerebellar peduncle

Back 38

output to red nucleus & thalamus to correct motor actions (fix bad motor plan)

Front 39

common cerebellar damage is an

Back 39

intention tremor.

Front 40

dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Back 40

touch, pressure, vibration, conscious proprioception. receptors are cutaneous mechanoreceptors, muscle spindles, golgi tendon,

Front 41

neural pathway of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Back 41

afferent axon comes up to medula through dorsal columns of spinal cord. synapses on medulla (nucleus gracilis for leg, nucleus cuneatus for arm). second order neuron CROSSES and synapses on thalamus which sends it to the primary somatosensory cortex

Front 42

ataxia

Back 42

clumsy movement, wide stance, stumbling, unstable, arms out for balance

Front 43

three symptoms of cerebellar damage

Back 43

ataxia, rhomburg, intention tremor

Front 44

acute pain

Back 44

from skin. sharp and localized initial pain and delayed dull pain afterwards

Front 45

chronic pain

Back 45

derived from muscles, joints, bones, or connective tissue, poorly localized, dull pain which tends to radiate into surrounding tissues

Front 46

hyperalgesia

Back 46

area that is ultra sensitive to pain around the injury. serves as a protective zone around injured area

Front 47

pain pathways

Back 47

spinothalamic and anterolateral (different names for same path)

Front 48

spinothalamic/ anterolateral pathway

Back 48

sharp pain: neospinothalamic tract. nociceptor detects it and connects to a sensory neuron which releases substance p. synapse in spinal cord and crosses in spinal cord (not medulla). synapses in thalamus and then to post central gyrus.

Chronic dull pain: Paleospinothalamic tract. unmyelinated nociceptors detect it and then follows the same pathway as the neospinothalamic tract except it sends synapse to the in the medulla over to other structures which send down inhibitory information (axoaxonic synapse). Prevents more substance p from being released. this tract helps you modulate the chronic pain.

Front 49

massage and acupuncture feel good because

Back 49

they release andogenous opioids which work on the paleospinothalamic tract to inhibit the pain.

Front 50

allodynia

Back 50

a painful response to a normally non-noxious stimulus (clothes after a sunburn is gone). When you still feel pain and hyperalgesia after the tissue has healed

Front 51

neuropathic pain

Back 51

pathologicaal pain. pain that persists long after all tissue injury is healed

Front 52

referred pain

Back 52

feeling pain in a nearby somatic area. brain cannot distinguish where pain is coming from