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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a companion animal? |
an animal that share a special relationship with people -animals with whom people share food and resources with |
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is the life of an animal always enriched by humans and vice versa? |
animals are not always bettered by human companionship but humans life is always bettered by animal companionship |
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what lessons do children learn by having an animal at an early age? |
-respect for life -responsibility -practicing caring behavior -circle of life |
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what are the rewards from a child having a pet? |
-tactile and tactile reassurance -self esteem -communication and social skills -activity and exercise -compassion |
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why do adults have companion animals? |
-companionship -protections -pleasure |
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what are attachments to animals based on? |
-unconditional affectio from the pet, lack of complaining -NEOTENY: The ability to maintain an infant like dependence -value and opportunity for income or recognition |
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what benefits do adults get from having a companion animal |
-social skills -tactile -feeling of being needed and important -financial return -ability to make a difference |
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mental and physical health benefits of owning a pet |
-reduces stress -relieve depression -improve cardiovascular function -express emotions safely -improved survival and reduced depression after cardiovascular events or surgeries |
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why do old people get pets and how do they benefit? |
Why? -companionship -protection -family substitute Benefits: -increased longevity -motivation to stay alive -remain more social and interactive -feel needed and appreciated |
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animal careers |
-animal assisted service or therapy -military -law enforcement -public and private guarding/ protection -herding and guarding -transportation -pest control -education and research -media/ entertainment |
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Animal Assisted Service and Therapy |
-Started in WW II to provide compassion and dignity to veterans -helped with mental health -reduced the cost of professional treatment -bette quality of life -holistic medical or psychological care |
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uses of animal assisted therapy animals |
-reading assistance -courtroom assistance -grief resolution -nursing home, rehab center visits -equine therapy |
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list the companion animals from largest quantity to smallest |
1. Cats 2. Dogs 3. Pocket Pets 4. birds 5. horses |
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what is a pocket pet |
any small animal that can fit in your pocket -chinchilla -mice/ rats/ hamsters -sugar gliders -rabbits |
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what is domestication |
-breeding, feeding and care are under human control -human controls take over from "natural selection" -genetic shift from "wild" ancestor |
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dog genus and species |
Canis Familiaris |
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who is the dogs ancestor |
Asian wolf |
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What characteristics do dogs have that led to domestication |
-omnivores (able to consume any food aka human) -social (pack arrangement)(able to blend in with a family) -range of abilities and excellent sense of smell (able to be used, trained, bred for certain jobs) |
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how do modern dogs differ from wild ancestors |
-range of hair coats, colors, lengths, texture -rounder skull with a shorter muzzle -eyes are more forward and larger -body size variety -temperament variety |
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original reason vs new reason for domestication of dogs |
Original: produced dogs for specific tasks or purposes (scavenging/ service) Modern:produce dogs for companionship and appearance |
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Cat genus and species and ancestors |
Felix Sylvestris ancestors: lyric group of cats from north Africa and near east |
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What characteristics do cats have that led to domestication |
-carnivores with sharp teeth and claws -solidarity, nocturnal hunters -Neoteny |
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how do modern cats differ from wild ancestors |
-range of hair coats, colors, lengths, textures -some body size variety -temperament (more docile and adaptable) |
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how long does it take cats to revert back to their wild behavior |
one generation |
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original reason vs new reason for domestication of cats |
Original: let cats reproduce for specific tasks or purposes such as rodent control, social status (Egypt) Modern: produce cats for companionship and appearance and specific tasks |
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what two things also aided in domestication of both cats and dogs |
1. reduced fear factor: hazard avoidance behavior switches on later in life 2. promiscuity |
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Veterinary education & careers |
Education: 30 schools, 4 year DVM Practice: private or academic, general or specialty -Public health/bioterrorism -Industry (pet food companies, pharmaceuticals, toys/supplies) -Regulatory/food supply -Military or International (ex. CVM) -Academic: teaching, research -Zoos, wild animal parks |
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Veterinary Technician Education & Careers |
Education: ~100 schools, 1-3 yr (RVT) to 4 yrtechnology degree -Careers: -Practice: private, academic, general or specialty-Academic: teaching, research (labs, colonies) -Behavior or nutrition ed., or consulting -Industry -Public health and education/bioterrorism -Zoos and wildlife habitats |
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Public Health Careers |
-agriculture, toxicology, chemistry, food science,water science, biotechnology, etc. -Centers for disease control and prevention, and disease research -CDC, US gov’t, Plum Is., Zoos -US Dept of Agriculture -Foreign Disease Surveillance = Animal and PlantHealth and Inspection Service (APHIS) (watching for diseases ex. Zika) |
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Chemist for food (job) |
4 year college bachelor degree for general chemistry work such as on food -Ph.D or masters for research |
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what does the animal industry include |
-Pet food (food, treats, snacks and supplements) -services -supplies -business and leaders |
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pet food industry income |
-U.S. = 473 manufactures produce 10 million tons annually -Worldwide ~1800 manufacturers, >40,000 products -$40 billion US ~ $70 billion worldwide |
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common types of pet food |
canned, dry, semi moist and frozen |
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what are common pet food regulations and agencies |
Regulations: -standards -quality assurance -enforcement (they all watch each other) Agencies: -FDA -USDA -AAFCO -FTC -State legal agencies |
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Trends in companion animals in the US |
-More single and/or childless households -more urban enviroments, social complexity -growing geriatric population -busy lifestyle + smaller living spaces =morecats, birds, reptiles, pocket pets |
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what kind of pet services are needed when owning a pet for the individual or family |
–Grooming –Medical care –Insurance agencies –Behavior training and therapy –Kennels, catteries, boarding,daycare –Grief and family counseling |
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what kind of pet services are needed when owning a pet for the population? |
-education opportunities and materials -product research, development -product retail centers -rescue, humane, shelter groups -breed enthusiast and show groups -public health organizations -military, regulatory and law enforcement agencies (environments, equipment) |
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what kind of supplies do you need when owning a dog |
-Toys for fun -Transportation: carriers, car seats, kennels,cages -Restraints (leashes, collars, etc.) -Environmental enrichment: climbing structures, enriched enclosures, instructional toys, videos, music |
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what will you need/ need to follow if you're going to set up a business? |
-Location and building issues -Laws and statutes (OSHA, etc.) -Insurance and finance -Record keeping -Changing face of animal status |
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Goals inchoosing the right pet |
-provide responsible ownership -for the individual: provide mutually fulfilling relationship for the lifetimeof the pet -for the population: reduce the number of discarded,unwanted pets |
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How do you need to prepare for a new pet and what do you need to consider? |
-Preparations: emotional, mental,physical, financial -Animal ownership is not a right, it’s a privilege -Considerations: life stage (owner,pet), familyand home issues, flexibility (health, money, resources) |
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Approach to picking a pet |
1. research for realistic compatibility -species -breed -gender (spay/ neuter?) -temperament -environment (indoor/ outdoor) -finances (food/ housing) -sources (breeders/ pet suppliers) |
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what should you plan for before getting a pet |
-housing -nutrition -health care -mental/emotional care -finances/insurance needs -acquisition (where, when) |
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What should every animal’shousing provide? |
-shelter from inclement weather -control: temperatureand moisture, predator and disease, ventilation and noise -adequate living space: rules, numbers -exercise facility -fresh, healthful food and water -food sources and storage -sanitation and pest control -safe, comfortable bedding or sleeping area -elimination area with routine cleaning |
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common causes of behavior issues |
-Owner expectations vs. normal behavior -Early socialization (2-3 mos old) -Training (dogs!) -Behavior reinforcement -Health changes -animal’s own past |
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Hyperactivity causes |
–Breed or temperament mismatch with expectations or environment --effects of stress –Health issues (neurologic, nutrition?) |
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Aggression causes -solutions? |
–Owner, breed mismatch –Environment, other animals –Medical considerations (pain, disease) Solutions? –Research, training –Behavior management |
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Separation anxiety -solutions? |
-overly dependent on owner presence Solutions: -determine cues (loss, schedules) -distract attention/desensitize -different companionship -behavior therapy |
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when does a puppy need to go out |
after eating or drinking, playing and sleeping |
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pecking order |
all animal has a social order and sometime we disrupt it which leads to behavior issues |
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how many animals are surrendered to shelters and what percentage is due to behavior issues |
6-8 million -1/3 due to behavior issues |
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fighting in wild vs domesticated animals |
-doesnt happen a lot in wild animals -more common in domesticated (human impact/ pecking order disrupted) |
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mating in domesticated animals solutions? |
hormone driven behaviors solutions: -spay/neuter -synthetic pheromones (reduce behavior) -negative conditioning (punishing) |
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General tests for temperament/behavior |
1. Social attraction – obedient, attentive (attracted to you) 2. Following – attentive, obedient (interested in where you’re going) 3. Restraint – trust, obedience 4. Social dominance – “who’s in charge?” (taking toy away) 5. Elevation dominance – trust, dependence(picking them up – trust) |
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socialization in wild animals |
-dogs have a pack structure and the past generations will each teach the new generation things -cats are asocial, nocturnal and territorial so they have to learn how to live with others |
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Primary socialization period of dogs |
3-8 weeks |
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what is play time teaching dogs |
exploratory nature, social order, different objects, groups of other animals |
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Kennelosis or agoraphobia |
kenelosis: fear of being locked in small spaces after they have lived their whole first part of the life outside of it agoraphobia: fear of outside places after living in a kennel -occurs at less than 8 weeks so need to get them used to both environments |
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when does Hazard avoidance behavior = Fear of strangers, places, things begin? -solutions? |
-11 weeks Solutions: -adoption 6-8 weeks old -puppy classes, play groups? (asap) -“rule of 7’s” |
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Rule of 7’s |
exposure by 7 weeks old they should be exposed to a variety of different things such as -Surfaces -Play objects -Locations -People -Challenges -Containers -Meal Locations |
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Primary socialization period of cats |
3-8 weeks |
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when does Hazard avoidance behaviors = fear of strangers, places,things begin in cats |
earlier than dogs -9 weeks |
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solutions for socialization of cats to avoid bad behavior |
-adopt at 6-8 weeks -environmental enrichment -adopt in pairs |
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visual communication in animals |
-body posture (straight up tail: interested) -ear position (ears forward: interested) -head/eyes position (look at each other/eye level: interest) -tail position -actions (jumping up) (action and reaction) |
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olfactory sense in dogs |
-keenest sense of domestic smell (1,000 x humanability) -scent sources (urine, feces, anal sacs), and pheromones -information: territory, gender, pack-mate, reproductive status |
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olfactory sense in cats |
->2 x smell receptors in nose vs. human -scent sources (urine, feces, scent glands – face, and feet), and pheromones -Information: territory, gender, familiarity, reproductive status |
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types of sounds animals make |
-infantile -warning -calling/ eliciting -withdrawal -pleasure |
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examples jobs provided by dogs used in personal assistance |
-guide dogs/pilot dogs -hearing aides -mobility aides -medical alerts (seizure, diabetic alert, cancer alert) -mental/psychiatric health (ptsd, anti-anxiety) -protection |
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examples jobs provided by dogs used in public assistance |
-security, property, specific locations -search and rescue -tracking -narcotics, explosive detection -cadaver locating -USDA “sniffers” |
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why use Animals in Biomedical Research |
-research for human benefit -early medicine to current issues -research for animalbenefit -nutrition issues -viruses and diseases -developmental issues -research sites and funding -university and government -private |
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Types of studies conducted |
-pharmaceutical -nutrition -genetic -behavior -education |
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Alternativesto animal use (3 r's) |
-reduce (number of animals,discomfort) -refine (procedures) -replace (w/ non animals) |
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Legislation and limits on animal research |
-animal care laws -animal welfare act (AWA) 1966, often amendedand updated -pound seizure -federal/ state level funding -enforcement of laws -public interest/ concern/ involvement |
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stages of pet loss |
-denial -anger -bargaining -depression (worst one) -acceptance |
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reasons pets are “lost” |
-runaway, disorientation (move, vacation) -injury (hit by car, gunshot, bit by big dog, other) -illness (terminal, unmanageable) -behavior -unwanted, undesired |
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Options for handling remains |
-burial (personal, private, or group) -cremation (private or group) -donation (very selective situations) -animal shelter (group burial, cremation orrendering) -veterinary clinic (burial, cremation) |
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Cremation (process, equipments, results, next steps) |
process = high heat incineration, + pressure (1470degrees) -equipment= “retort” -results = ‘cremains’ (vs. remains) -next step = container (urn, box, etc.) and final handling (burial, display,storage) |
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controlled unwanted animals |
shelters, rescues, home, fostering |
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what is the biggest difference between a stray animal and a feral animal |
behavior |
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outcomes of unwanted animals |
-about 50% euthanized (3-4 million/year in U.S.) -other 50%: -some adopted, fostered, “mascots”, some adopted --however some get returned and are put back in the pool of the ones potentially euthanized |
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causes of animals in shelters |
-owner dies -family move or change -money or time issues -health orbehavior problems –Overpopulation (not enough homes) |
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Problems and hazards of unwanted/ stray animals |
-public health (ex: rabies) -public safety (ex: bites -5 million/yr) -property damage (yards, cars) -animal safety (songbirds, pets, livestock), ecology upsets -disease transmission (waste à flies) -noise -perception of animal need or worth goes down |
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solutions to decrease amount of unwanted/ abandoned animals |
-public education -research breeds, home situation, finances, etc.! (no impulse or holiday pets) -personal support -owner commitment to your pet -education efforts -rescue organizations (OSU “safe summer”) |
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about how many dog breeds are there |
400-600 |
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grooming and care for dogs |
-hair coat, length, colors, care & tools -toenails (dewclaw) -teeth: canines, molars, pre-molars and incisors ---nutrition,care -ears: canalshape, routine care --pinnup, vertical and horizontal, ear drum then middle ear |
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conditioning for dogs |
“fitting” the dog to the job -physical -mental -DOGS ARE ATHLETES examples: agility, hunting/seasonal work, police/search andrescue work, showing |
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about how many cat breeds are there |
100 breeds -38 species --1 domesticate |
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grooming and care for cats |
-hair coat, length, colors, care & tools -whiskers (4 rows) -vocal cords (2 sets) -one for meowing, one for purring -toenails: Retractable and shedding -teeth: all very sharp for tearing flesh because theyre carnivores --nutrition, care -ears: canal shape, routine care --ear flap, vertical(short) and horizontal, ear drum, bulla |
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conditioning for |
-“fitting” the cat to the job? -routine exercise and activityare critical to body condition and mental attitude -balance and orientation |
