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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some reasons to breed that people use? |
-Providemore animals for people wanting pets -Perpetuatethe breed or specific breed characteristics -Experience the miracle of birth(watch a video) -Breeding is profitable -Pets need to reproduce (no they don't) |
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Why should we breed pets? |
-money -keepcertain traits around |
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outcome of characteristics in breeding= |
genes+environment |
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reasons why breeding to see the miracle of birth is dumb |
-Usually whelp/queen at night or early AM -Prefer quiet & privacy (cats can be especially secretive and movekittens a lot) -May become stressed, aggressive, inhibited -something might go wrong |
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Risksof reproduction |
–Injury (fighting, accidents, etc), death –Damage and strain on tissues –Disease and parasites |
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why spay/ neutering is good |
-longer life span -no unwanted puppies -less behavior issues |
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Fatesof unwanted pets |
–Homeless/feral –Shelters –Incompatible homes –Dog fighting bait |
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is breeding truly profitable? -what are some cost associated with breeding? |
depends on your budgeting skills –Obtaining the parent(s), food, housing, materials –Veterinary care, testing, treatments, vaccines –Breeding fees and travel –Housing, equipment, feeding during pregnancy, birth, & lactation –Veterinary care if problems –Puppy/kitten costs –Finding homes –Follow-up |
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Female birth control |
-spay (Ovarohysterectomy) -hormone treatments to stop cycling |
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benefits of spaying |
Decrease in... -mammary cancer -repro damage -cancers |
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Male birth control |
–Neutersol® injections to atrophy testicles–“Neuter” = castration (Neuticles) |
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benefits of neutering |
-↓ prostate cancer -eliminatestesticular cancer |
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what is a parasite? |
-living organism that lives on, in or with a host (another living organism) |
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endo vs ecto parasite |
endo= inside, ecto= outside |
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Zoonosis |
disease or parasite transmissible from an animal species to human -not zoo animals -can go from humans to pets |
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insects defining characteristics |
3 body parts: 1. Head with a pair of antenna 2. thorax with 3 pairs of legs (maybe wings) 3. Abdomen |
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insect life cycle |
1. Egg 2. Larva (maggot): most dangerous 3. Pupa: larva forms a cocoon and its v hard to kill 4. Adult (ectoparasite) |
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examples of insects |
-files -mosquitos -lice -fleas |
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Insect: Flies |
-maggots cause tissue damage -adults can pass on diseases, cause tissue damage and blood loss |
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Insect: flies (mosquitos) -transmission of disease |
-tissue damage -major blood loss can occur Transmission: -parasites: HEARTWORMS (dogs,cats,people) --larva from previous host that had it -Viruses: west nile, Zika, Yellow fever -allergies: antigen (protein pieces) transmission |
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how to control mosquitos |
repellents -around water treatments because they need water to live/ breed |
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insect: lice |
-head, thorax, and abdomen with no wings -Damage: itch, loss of hair and blood |
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insect: Fleas -Defining Characteristics -Lifecycle -Damage |
-Defining: no wings, but jump very far -lifecycle: 2-4 weeks or more depending on how long they're in the pupa stage -Damage: itch, blood loss, TAPEWORMS |
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how do fleas pass on tapeworms? |
-the larva live in the flea abdomen and when your pet grooms itself, it eats them and the flea breaks open in the stomach acid releasing the larva |
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Arachnids defining characteristics |
2 Body parts: 1. Cephalothorax: fused head and thorax with 4 pairs of legs, no antennae and no wings 2. Abdomen |
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Arachnids Lifecycle |
1. egg 2. larva (6 legs and can already feed on host) 3. Nymph (6 legs and freely moving/ has a host) 4. Adult (8 legs) |
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Mites (different types) |
-hair/ feather loss which leads to infections -scaroptes: (contagious) mange mites that causes the animal to become very itchy -Demodex: normally in hair follicles but can also cause problems -ear mites: cats and dogs have mites that live in their ear canals (treatable with sanitation and early treatment)(airplane ears) -Walking dandruff: only in cats, looks like moving dandruff on the spine (zoonotic) (have to treat multiple times |
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controlling mites |
–Sanitation -Control breeding: don't breed animals with bad immune systems |
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arachnids (ticks) defining characteristics |
-hard or soft bodies -can be multi-host parasites --eggs in environment --may use different host for each life stage -salvia acts as cement to keep them attached |
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diseases caused by ticks |
-lyme: most dangerous in June/ July when they are waking up from hibernation -rocky mountain: rodents -tick paralysis |
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arachnids: Spiders/ scorpians -diseases caused by them |
-size matters for the victim diseases: -spiders: (bite) paralysis, wound damage and death --brown recluse -Scorpions: (bite) spasms, paralysis and death |
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control spiders/ scorpions |
environment and avoidence |
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Nematodes: Roundworms -transmission -disease -control |
-zoonotic potential: (larval migrans: most dangerous because they migrate) -transmission: prenatal, oral (milk, eggs, animal tissues) -Disease: small intestine upset, diarrhea, bloat and obstruction -control: sanitation, routine deworming (mother too) |
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Nematodes: Hookworms -transmission -disease -control |
zoonotic potential: (larval migrans: most dangerous because they migrate) -transmission: prenatal, oral (milk, larva), skin -disease: blood loss and dehydration, small intestine damage, diarrhea and weight loss -Control: sanitation, treat the sick --malnourished animals with overcrowding |
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Nematodes: Heartworms -transmission -control |
-dogs and cats -thin spaghetti -Transmission: mosquito carries it and then the larva get into another animal and they migrate to the lower pressure side of the heart (right) -Control: monthly prevention and mosquito control |
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flatworm/ Cestodes: Tapeworms defining characteristics |
-3 body parts --scolex: to bite and hang on --neck --Strobila: made of segments called proglottids that are filled with eggs |
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flatworm/ Cestodes: Tapeworms lifecycle |
flea is required as an intermediate host -dog eats the flea and then it burst in the stomach and travels around the body |
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flatworm/ Cestodes: Tapeworms disease/ damage |
-decrease nutrition of the host, weight loss, death -intestinal upset -scooting their butts on carpet |
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flatworm/ Cestodes: Tapeworms control |
treatment, flea control |
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•What’s a “Natural” diet for Cats? |
Insects mice and birds
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What’s a “Natural” diet for Dogs? |
omnivores (anything) |
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are all breeds ok on the same diet? |
no |
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palatability |
how good the food tastes |
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acceptability: |
the animal eats enough of the food to meet their needs |
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ingredient vs nutrient |
ingredient: simpleand complex foodstuffs that make up the diet Nutrient: moleculesproviding nourishment |
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categories of nutrients |
-Water -Protein -Lipid (fat) -Carbohydrates -Vitamins -Minerals |
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general considerations when assessing the diet of your animals |
–Performance of the animal –Amounts of nutrients –Digestibility of nutrients –Quality of nutrients –Palatability of the whole diet |
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animals eat ______ of nutrients |
amounts -not percents |
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how much protein do dogs require |
1 gram per body weight |
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water: requirements |
-1oz/ lb of body weight/ day --need more if in a hot/ humid environment, pregnant, lactating or puppy/kitten --need less if cool or quiet or adult -daily access to clean and fresh water -room temp/ cooler water |
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water: sources |
-fresh water -food (10% moisture in dry, 75% in wet) -metabolic water |
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what is water used for? |
-nutrient digestion, absorption and transport -biochemical reactions in the body -body temperature control in mammals -lubrication -waste elimination |
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Protein -where is it found -functions? -storage sites? |
-found in: muscle, bones, cartilage, skin and other cells -functions: --metabolism: energy, support, enzymes, antibodies, hormones etc. --increases palatability -storage? none which is why we need daily intake |
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protein: amino acid composition |
-essentials amino acids are different for every species -non essentials some proteins are higher quality then others (eggs vs. leather) |
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what is a lipid? |
-hydrocarbon chains -no c=c bonds =solid (saturated) -one c=c bond is a solid mono unsaturated -more than one c=c are oils that are polyunsaturated |
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sotrage sites of lipids |
adipose tissue and within cells (liver, kidney, muscle and hair) |
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whats a lipid good for? |
-energy -cell membrane structure -vitamin absorption -metabolic reactions -temperature control -increase in palatability |
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carbohydrates -main sources -what are they used for? |
main sources: -Grains –Vegetables, legumes –Sweets, treats Used for: -energy –Metabolism, intestinal function (fiber) -Taste of foods |
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how are carbs stored? |
–Plants (as polysaccharides) = starch, fiber -Animals = glycogen in muscle & liver, and as adipose |
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what nutrients are converted to ATP? |
-lipids -carbohydrates -protein |
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Vitamins -Fat soluble -water soluble |
-Fat (lost by oxidation): ADEK -Water (loss in processing): B-vitamins, folic acid, choline, biotin and C |
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Minerals |
-body cannot synthesize nutrients so we need them in our food -Macro (calcium and phosphorus) -micro: (selenium and iron) |
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vitamins and minerals uses in pet food |
-cofactors for metabolism -palatability of food leads to acceptability -building blocks for tissues and organs -marketing: presence or absence may drive purchase choices |
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types of food |
-dry
-semi moist -canned |
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brands (popular vs premium) |
-popular: sold in groceries, heavily advertised, variable formula, moderate digestabilibty and may/ may not have feeding trials -Premium: vet, pet, feed stores, may/may not be advertised, fixed formula, higher digestibility, feeding trials |
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marketing concepts |
1.Specific Purpose Food 2.All Purpose Food 3.Low Price 4.People Food 5.Variety Flavors 6.Presence or absence of an ingredient 7.Nutrient Content 8. Product name |
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labels= |
legal documents |
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what has to be on a food label |
1. Net weight 2. Food type 3. Guaranteed analysis 4. ingredient list 5. Nutrition claim 6. Manufacturer information 7. Feeding directions |
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who regulates pet food labels? |
-USDA (FSIS)= Food safety & inspection service- They look forhazards. -FDA = Food & Drug Administration -FTC = Federal Trade Commission -State Laws – State feed control officials -AAFCO = Association of American Feed Control Officials |
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Feeding studies |
-study: growth, maintenance, weight, management, gestation/ lactation -usually 8 animals/study but only 6 have to finish -26 weeks long -feeding ad lib -provide guidelines not enforcement |
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why might feeding trials not be effective? |
1. only 6 animals have to complete it 2.miss small problems --generation problems 3. different breeds |
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gross energy |
total combustible energy |
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digestible energy |
gross energy-fecal energy (70%) |
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Metabolizable energy |
digestible energy-urine/ gas energy lost (60%) |
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Net Energy |
metabolic energy-heat of fermentation and metabolism (40%) |
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free choice feeding |
ad lib feeding
-convenient for owner, lower stress, no begging, less competition -hard to manage weight and keep track of intake -effective for kennels, multi pet households, no weight issues and pregnant/ lactating |
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meal feeding: time restricted |
–Owner chooses how long the meal is available and how often food is offered –(+) any food type, pet decides amount to eat –(-) picky or “private” eaters, overeating or “wolfing” food (may lead to indigestion) –Works best for feeding canned or semi-moist foods and for some weightmanagement |
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what should you take into consideration when you're determining feeding |
-life stage -body condition score (fat cover) -muscle condition and activity level |
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meal feeding: Food restricted |
–Owner chooses how much AND how long food is offered –(+) control intake and time, food types, weight management –(-) more work for owner, may cause “wolfing” food (indigestion)measure out food and give it throughout the day |
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cats cannot survive on dog food because |
-they need high protein & high fat -havespecies-specific amino acids and fatty acids -need vitamin A -need niacin -carnivores |
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how many of our pets are overweight? |
40% |
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how to control weight of pet |
-education -active animals -food |
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3 foundation systems |
-skeleton -muscle -skin (integument) |
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communication and transport systems |
-blood circulation -lymph circulation -endocrine overview -nervous system |
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sensation and support systems |
-special senses -respiratory system -genito-urinary system -digestive system |
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skeleton -consists of -functions |
consists of: -bone and joints -living tissues Functions: -support -protection -mineral reservoir -attachement points |
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bone anatomy |
compact bone (cortex): tightly packed rings around small blood vessels -outer most layer -handles impact, stress and strain of muscles pulling on bone Spongey Bone (cancelers): has air spaces inside of the compact bone |
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outside of the bone= |
periosteum and cortex -living layer on the bone that brings in blood |
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inside of the bone= |
endosteum + medula -contains the bone marrow |
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how many bones do dogs have |
310 -varies |
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how many bones do cats have |
250 -not much variation |
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species differences |
-eye socket size and placement -teeth types and numbers |
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dogs dental formula |
Incisors, Canine, PreMolars, Molars |
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dogs deciduous (baby) formula |
313 each side -28 total teeth -no molars |
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tooth eruption dogs deciduous |
4-6 weeks for incisors 5-6 weeks for canine 6 weeks for premolars -no molars |
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dog permanent teeth formula |
3142 (top)per side 3134 (bottom -42 total teeth |
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tooth eruption dogs permanent |
3-5 months for incisors 4-6 months for canines 4-5 months for premolars 5-7 months for molars |
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cats dental formula |
I, C, PM, M |
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Cats deciduous (baby) formula |
313 312 -13 per side -26 total teeth |
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Cats permanent formula |
3131 3121 -15 per side -30 total teeth |
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tooth eruption cats deciduous |
3-4 weeks for incisors 3-4 weeks for canine 6 weeks for premolars no molars |
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tooth eruption cats permanent |
3.5-5.5 months for incisors 5.5-6.5 month for canine 4-5 months for premolars 5-6 months for molars |
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larger the elbow and shoulder angulation= |
further the reach and stride of the animal |
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stifle joint |
knee -supports stride |
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ribs and spin |
shows the body condition |
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carpus and hock |
ankle joints |
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feet |
front and back and claws |
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what else in the body is made from cartilage |
ears and nose |
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muscle fiber types -voluntary/ involuntary |
-skeletal= voluntary -smooth= involuntary -Cardiac= involuntary |
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muscle functions |
-general body shape -connection of parts -movement of parts (major/minor) -heart action and circulation |
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ligaments |
connect like to like -bone to bone -muscle to muscle -cartilage to cartilage |
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tendons |
connect different structures -muscle to bone |
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how much of puppies and kittens is skin (weight) -adults? |
24% -adults: 12-14% |
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epidermis |
dead outer layer of keratin and lipids |
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dermis |
living under layers -connective tissue and fat -circulation (blood/ lymph) -nerves and muscles |
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appendages |
hairs and glands |
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how long does it take the skin to turn over after injury -dogs and cats -horses -reptiles |
-dogs and cats: 3 weeks -Horses: 6 weeks -reptiles: 10 weeks |
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skin functions (10) |
–Enclose the body as a unit –Protect from environment(physical, chemical, microbial) –Allow motion/flexible covering –Regulate temperature (coat, circulation, sweat)–Pigment (protect, hide, social cues) –Store nutrients –Produce vitamin D -Immune activity (microbes, tumors) & disease “marker –Sensory perception –Excrete & secrete |
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general comments on disease transmission |
-organisms come from somewhere -organisms need a way into the host -diseases (many) can be treated -invasion often can be prevented |
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Ringworm (symptoms) |
-patchy hair loss, scabbing and scaling -itching -claw shape change -animal is still bright and alert -owner my be itchy or have red rings on the skin -not a parasite |
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how to test for ring worm -treatment |
-woods UV light or culture on test plate treatment: -shave the animal and treat the skin |
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what type of organism is ringworm |
dermatophyte (fungus) |
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where does ring worm come from |
-soil -gets in through keratin of skin, nails and hair -usually in younger animals |
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abscess (symptoms) |
-swelling under the skin (may rupture internally or externally) -depressed, lethargic or dehydrated -may have a history of fighting or puncture -also check the teeth |
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how do abscess form |
puncture wound heals over but bacteria gets trapped inside |
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abscesses in cats -sources of infection? |
-fever (high WBC) (bacteria cultured from wound) -sources: bacteria from mouth which is normal in mouth but not under skin so antibodies try to attack |
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plan for getting rid of abscesses |
-wound drainage/ cleaning -antibiotis -dental care -treat other injuries |
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prevention for abscesses |
-change cat environment, life style or friends -attention to teeth (rabbits) -dental care |
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blood circulation requires |
-heart -arteries and arterioles -capillaries -venules and veins |
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lymph circulation requires |
-lymph nodes -lymph vessels |
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support of the circulatory system |
-bone marrow (RBC and WBC manufacture) -spleen (reservoir and cell removal) -kidney (stimulates RBC making and remove/ recycles cell parts) -lymph nodes and organs (lymphocytes production and foreign material removal) |
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what does blood consist of |
-water -cells -platelets -nutrients |
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nutrients in blood |
-minerals (electrolytes) -vitamins (water soluble) -proteins and amino acids -carbohydrates (glucose) -fasts and fat soluble vitamins |
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lymphatic system= |
the bodies sump pump |
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how does the lymphatic system work |
1. Arteries bring oxygenated blood totissues, (capillariesare leaky) 2. Veins take ‘used’ de-oxygenatedblood out of tissues, leave fluids behind 3. Lymphcollects these fluids, returns them to blood circulation |
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lymphatic system and circulatory sytem -functions |
-joins with blood near the heart functions: -tissue fluid recovery -nutrient circulation (lipids/ vitamins (FS)) -lymphocyte circulation (B and T cells) which are important in immune system |
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endocrine system= |
email for the body |
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hormones in the endocrine system -major organs |
-molecule made by one cell type to communicate with or affect other cells -hypothalamus, pituitary -thyroid, parathyroid -pancreas -adrenal gland -ovaries/ testes |
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hypothalamus |
command central for.. -pituitary -body temperature -appetite -thirst |
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pituitary |
(anterior and posterior) -growth -metabolism -water balance -reproduction -lactation |
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Thyroid |
-stimulated by the pituitary -regulates metabolism and calcium balance -iodine requirement |
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Parathyroid |
next to the thyroid -calcium regulation -phosphorous regulation -without it your heart stops |
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pancreas -location -functions |
location: abdomen next to the stomach and upper small intestine Functions: 1. Glandular, exocrine (digestive enzymes, bicarbonate) -secreted into the intestine -local action on food 2. Endocrine= insulin, glucagon -glucose balance -secreted into the blood -effets on many cells |
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Adrenal Glands -location -parts and hormones |
location: abdomen, next to the kidneys Parts and hormones -cortex (outer): cortisol, stress hormone, cycles repeatedly (sex hormones, ADH) -Medulla (inner): adrenalin (epinephrine) connected to the nervous system |
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ovaries -location -hormones |
location: abdomen -follicle cycles Hormones: -estrogen and progesterone --link to pituitary (FSH, LH) |
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testes -location -hormones |
location: scrotum -sperm waves hormones: -testosterone, estrogen, pituitary link (FSH,LH (maturation)) |
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nervous system -basics -function |
hard wiring for the body -living cells connected in network of nerves, tracts and webs (plexus) Functions: -sensation (data collection) -data analysis (mostly in the brain) -coordination and regulation of activites |
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nervous system components |
neurons: -one way transmission -support staff (myelin, glial cells and fluid) -Synapses --have mitochondria because this process requires a lot of energy |
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nervous systems main divisions |
1. by anatomy -central= brain and spinal cord -peripheral= everything else 2. by function -involuntary: --sympathetic: fight/flight --parasympathetic: rest/ digest -Voluntary: causes skeletal muscles movement |
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Cerebrum |
top part (large) of the brain -thinking and reasoning -memory -voluntary controls |
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cerebellum |
cauliflower looking lower section -coordination and balance -eating |
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brain stem |
-basic life support (breathing, swallowing, vomiting) |
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what are the special senses? |
-sight -smell -hearing -taste -touch |
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sight -parts needed |
-eyelids= protection -eyeball= sensation -optic nerve= communication -brain= analysis and communication -muscle= support and response |
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tapetum |
reflective layer on the retina in animals -not humans |
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sight: visual fields |
-person: binocular (100 degrees) short nose dog: 200 degrees -long nosed dog and cats: 270-280 degrees |
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smell: parts needed |
-nose =support and protection -airways= life support -nasal pocket= sensation and communication -brain= processing and communication -muscles= support, movement and response |
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how many smell receptors do dogs have |
220 million |
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breathing vs sniffing |
-breathing: air to lungs -sniffing: air to nasal pocket that is full of sent receptors then to the olfactory nerve and then to the brain |
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jacobsens organ (vomeronasal organ) |
-dogs and cars -brain and hypothalamus -picks up pheromones |
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hearing: parts needed |
-ears= support and protection -ear drum, middle ear and bones= sensation and communication --inner ear +canals= balance and orientation -otic nerve= communication -brain= analysis and communication -muscles= support and response |
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what animals have the best hearing |
cats |
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taste: parts needed |
-lips and mouth= support and protection -tongue and tastebuds= sensation --also touch, temperature and texture -nerves= communication -brain= analysis and communication -muscles= support and response |
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taste in cats |
-like acid, bitter and salt |
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taste in dogs |
-receptors for sweet, acid and salt |
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touch: parts needed |
-skin and surface= protection -nerves= sensation and communication -brain= analysis and communication -muscles= support and response |
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touch: sensations |
-pain -pressure -temperature -vibration |
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what do neonates seek out -adults? |
warmth and pressure -adults seek out all senses |
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challenges with geriatric pets: |
-Health& hygiene (Metabolicrate, Arthritis, organ failures, Behaviorchanges, Pain,hearing loss, Grooming) -Housingneeds (Stairs,bedding, flooring, other pets) -Nutritionchanges (sensations change, digestion change, feeding schedules and type of food) -Endof life issues |
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opportunities with geriatrics |
–Education/classes –Diets/nutritioneducation, support –Specializedhealth care & physical therapy –Supplies& materials (housing, hygiene, comfort,transportation) –Exerciseprograms & education –Endof life choices & support |
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Clone |
aplant or animal that is grown from one cell of its parents and that has exactlythe same genes as it parent |
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Dolly |
sheepthat was cloned in the 90’s; first animal created by somatic cell nucleartransfer |
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Transgenic |
of or relating to an organism that containsgenetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has beenartificially introduced |
