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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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natural pollutants
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contaminants that come about through nonartificial processes in nature
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anthropogenic pollutants
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contaminants associated with human activity
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air pollution control act of 1955
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first federal legislation on air pollution, aimed at providing federal funds to state governments for research and training
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clean air act of 1963
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act established emissions regulations for stationary sources and called for a committee to be formed with the auto industry to study the effects of motor vehicle emissions
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motor vehicle air pollution control act of 1965
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authorized department of helath, education and welfare (HEW) to set emission standards on new motor vehicles
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1965 clean air act amendments
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HEW authorized to establish first federal standards for mobile sources
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Air quality control act of 1967
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AQCRs established (air quality control regions)
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1970 clean air act amendments
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NAAQS (national ambient air quality standards) established for stationary sources
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criteria documents
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present scientific evidence on the properties and effects of any known or suspected pollutant
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criteria pollutants
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substances known to be hazardous to health and welfare, characterized as harmful by criteria documents.
include particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone and lead |
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hazardous air pollutants
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noncriteria pollutants that may cause or contribute to irreversible illness or increased mortality. associated risk is much greater than that of criteria pollutants.
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stationary source
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a fixed-site producer of pollution
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mobile source
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any nonstationary polluting source
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national standard
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standard that sets maximum allowable levels for each pollutant to be met by all polluting sources
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National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)
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maximum allowable concentrations of criteria air pollutants. reduction does not mean absence of criteria pollutants
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National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP)
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standards applicable to every major source of any identified hazardous air pollutant. where possible, this reduction should achieve a complete ban on the substance.
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state implementation plan (SIP)
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a procedure outlining how a state intends to implement, monitor and enforce the NAAQS and NESHAP
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Air quality control regions (AQCR)
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federally designated area within which common air pollution problems are shared by several communities. helps to coordinate states' responsibilities
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Prevention of significant deteroriation area (PSD)
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an AQCR meeting or exceeding the NAAQS. meet or exceed national standards.
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nonattainment area
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an AQCR not in compliance with the NAAQS. not meeting national standards.
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benefit-based decision rule
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a guideline to improve society's well-being with no allowance for balancing with associated costs
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ozone layer
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ozone present in the stratosphere that protects the earth from ultraviolet radiation
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ozone depletion
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thinning of the ozone layer, originally observed as an ozone hole over antartica
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CFC's
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a family of chemicals believed to contribute to ozone depletion
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halons
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major group of ozone depleters, have long atmospheric lifetimes, important in the production of fire extinguishants. higher potency than cfcs.
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ozone depletion potential
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a numerical score that signifies a substance's potential for destroying stratospheric ozone relative to cfc-11
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excise tax on ozone depleters
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an escalating tax on the production of ozone-depleting substances
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product charge
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a fee added to the price of a pollution generating product based on its quantity or some attribute responsible for pollution
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allowance market for ozone-depleting chemicals
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allows firms to produce or import ozone depleters if they hold an appropriate number of tradeable allowances
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greenhouse gases (GHGs)
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gases collectively responsible for the absoption process that naturally warms the earth
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global warming
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increased temperature of the earth's surface caused by accumulating GHGs that absorb the sun's radiaiton
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global warming potential (GWP)
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measures the heat-absorbing capacity of a GHG relative to CO2 over some time period
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greenhouse effect
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a greenhouse allows sunlight through the glass but prevents the heated air from escaping back outside
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carbon sinks
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natural absorbers of carbon dioxide such as forests and oceans
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greenhouse gas instensity
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the ration of greenhouse gas emissions to economic output
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pollution charge
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a fee that varies with the amount of pollutants released
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corrective tax
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a tax aimed at rectifying a market failure and improving resource allocation
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tradeable allowance system for GHGs
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establishes a market for GHG permits where each allows the release of some amount of GHGs
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hazardous solid wastes
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unwanted materials or reguse posing a substantial threat to health or the ecology
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waste stream
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a series of events starting with waste generation and including transportation, storage, treatment, and disposal of solid wastes
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cradle to grave management system
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a command and control approach to regulating hazardous solid wastes through every stage of the waste stream
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source reduction
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preventive strategies to reduce the quantity of any contaminant released to the environment at the point of generation
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waste management
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control strategies to reduce the quantity and toxicity of hazardous wastes at every stage of the waste stream
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characteristic wastes
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hazardous wastes exhibiting certain characteristics that imply a substantial risk
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listed wastes
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hazardous wastes preidentified by government as having met specific criteria
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manifest
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a document used to identify hazardous waste materials and all parties responsible for its movement from generation to disposal
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permitting system
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a control approach that authorizes the activities of treatment, storage and disposal facilities according to predefined standards
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waste-end charge
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a fee implemented at the time of disposal based on the quantity of waste generatd
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CERCLIS
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comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability information system. national inventory of hazardous waste site data
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feedstock taxes
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taxes levied on raw materials used as productive inputs
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brownfield site
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real property where redevelopment or expansion is complicated by the presence or potential presence of environmental contamination
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superfund cleanup process
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a series of steps to implement the appropriate response to threats posed by the release of a hazardous substance
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removal actions
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official responses to a hazardous substance release aimed at restoring immediate control
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remedial actions
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official responses to a hazardous substance release aimed at achieving a more permanent solution
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national priorities list (NPL)
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a classification of hazardous waste sites posing the greatest threat to health and the ecology
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potentially responsible parites (PRP)
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any current or former owner or operator of a hazardous waste facility and all those involved in the disposal, treatment, or transport of hazardous substances to a contaminated site
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toxics release inventory (TRI)
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a national database that gives information about hazardous substances released into the environment
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strict liability
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the legal standard that identifies individuals as responsible for damages even if negligence is not proven
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joint and several liability
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the legal standard that identifies a single party as responsible for all damages even if that party's contribution to the damages is relatively small
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