Animal Physiology Test 3

Front 1

How many functional olfactory genes do humans have?

Back 1

About 400

Front 2

This is the destination point in which sensory cells of the same type synapse.

Back 2

Glomerulus

Front 3

Receives signals from the glomerulus, which then carries the signal to the olfactory bulb

Back 3

Mitral cell

Front 4

This is the destination of olfactory signals after reaching the olfactory bulb.

Back 4

The limbic system and cerebral cortex;
Olfactory receptor cell -> Olfactory nerve fiber -> Olfactory bulb -> Olfactory Tract -> Limbic System OR (Thalamus -> Cortex)

Front 5

How many basic smells do human beings have?

Back 5

Ten

Front 6

What are the ten basic smells?

Back 6

Sweet, fragrant, woody, fruity, chemical, minty, popcorn, lemon, decaying, pungent

Front 7

About how many smells can humans detect?

Back 7

1 trillion

Front 8

This organ conducts chemoreception of pheromones

Back 8

Vomeronasal organ; humans do NOT have vomeronasal nerves

Front 9

What does the mammalian vomeronasal organ do?

Back 9

Detect pheromones and chemical signals

Front 10

True or False: A single olfactory neuron expresses many different olfactory receptive genes.

Back 10

False

Front 11

TRP stands for

Back 11

Transient Receptor Potential Channel

Front 12

This chemical triggers cold TRPs

Back 12

Menthol

Front 13

This chemical triggers warm transient receptor potential channels

Back 13

Capsaicin

Front 14

This the ability of animals to use magnetic fields to navigate.

Back 14

Magnetoreception

Front 15

These small crystals in some animals float in a liquid and rotate in sync with magnetic fields.

Back 15

Magnetite crystals

Front 16

This molecule is found in the eyes of birds, helping it to navigate.

Back 16

CPF

Front 17

Photosensitive cells use this to absorb light.

Back 17

Rhodopsin

Front 18

Steps in eye evolution hypothesis:
1. Photosensitive cells use rhodopsin to absorb light
2. PAX6 gene initiates eye development
3. Proto-eyes use pigment cells to make photoreceptors sensitive to light from one direction
4. The eye develops into a simple or compound eye

Back 18

okay

Front 19

What is the difference between simple and compound eyes?

Back 19

Compound eyes made up of several sets of light and color detecting parts, positioned on the top or sides of the organism. Simple eyes have a limited range of sight and can only see certain lights and colors.

Front 20

How many types of photoreceptors do humans have?

Back 20

3

Front 21

These cells are the output of the retina

Back 21

Ganglion

Front 22

This is the area of the retina within which the membrane potential of a particular neuron can be influenced by light.

Back 22

Receptive field

Front 23

Rhodopsin is made of:

Back 23

Retinal and Opsin

Front 24

In the dark, rhodopsin is:

Back 24

Inactivated

Front 25

True or false: Phototransduction closes Na+ channels

Back 25

True

Front 26

Photoreceptor channels are open in the dark, allowing ions to flow in and out. Cyclic GMP keeps the channels open. A single photon of light can activate rhodopsin. Rhodopsin activates transducin molecules. Each transducin (G Protein) activates about 70 photodiesterase. Phosphodiesterase can hydrolyze cyclic GMP, closing ion channels allowing ions to flow inward, but outward (Na+) channels remain open. The cell becomes hyperpolarized.

Back 26

Okay

Front 27

What keeps photoreceptor channels open?

Back 27

Cyclic GMP

Front 28

True or False: Light depolarizes photoreceptors

Back 28

False, light HYPERPOLARIZES photoreceptors

Front 29

When photoreceptor cells are DEPOLARIZED and rhodopsin is INACTIVE, what is happening with regards to neurotransmitters?

Back 29

Neurotransmitters are being released onto bipolar neurons

Front 30

When photoreceptor cells are HYPERPOLARIZED and rhodopsin is ACTIVE, what is happening with regards to neurotransmitters?

Back 30

Neurotransmitter release decreases in proportion to the amount of light

Front 31

The off-center bipolar cell [hyperpolarizes/depolarizes] the off-center ganglion cell, inhibiting action potential.

Back 31

Hyperpolarizes

Front 32

The on-center bipolar cell [hyperpolarizes/depolarizes] an on-center ganglion cell, exciting it and increasing the probability of action potential.

Back 32

Depolarizes

Front 33

Light in the surround of an on-center bipolar cell [hyperpolarizes/depolarizes] it, inhibiting on-center ganglion cells.

Back 33

Hyperpolarizes

Front 34

This type of cell would fire the most action potentials when light hit the surround of its receptive field.

Back 34

Off-center

Front 35

An integrating neuron is generally found in this.

Back 35

Central Nervous System

Front 36

Integrating neurons are also called ____.

Back 36

Interneurons

Front 37

Review light. light-dark, and dark bar cells.

Back 37

Okay

Front 38

True or False: A horizontal bar of light in any position in the visual field can cause stimulation.

Back 38

True; a bar at an angle of orientation different from the preferred angle is MUCH less stimulatory

Front 39

True or False: Critical Flicker Fusion (CFF) allows animals to see MORE QUICKLY than humans.

Back 39

False. Animals can see more information in a smaller amount of time, allowing them to see in "slow motion" compared to humans.

Front 40

The adrenal cortex secretes these hormones:

Back 40

Aldosterone, androgens, glucocorticoids. (Steroids)

Front 41

The adrenal medulla secretes these hormones:

Back 41

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. (Catecholamines)

Front 42

The anterior pituitary gland secretes these hormones:

Back 42

Prolactin, growth hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Lutenizing hormone, y-lipotropin and B-endorphin

Front 43

Bone Osteoblasts secrete this hormone:

Back 43

Osteocalcin

Front 44

Fat secretes these hormones:

Back 44

Leptin and adipokines

Front 45

The GI tract secretes these hormones:

Back 45

Stomach: Gastrin and Ghrelin
Small intestine: secretin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide, somatostatin, motilin

Front 46

Gonads secrete these hormones:

Back 46

Estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, activins, relaxin, Mullerian-inhibiting hormone, androgens

Front 47

The heart secretes this hormone:

Back 47

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Front 48

The hypothalamus releases these hormones:

Back 48

Releasing and inhibiting hormones; Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CHR), Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), Somatistatin, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone (GnIH), Dopamine, Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-inhibiting hormone, Ghrelin

Front 49

Kidneys release these hormones:

Back 49

Renin, Erythropoietin, Calcitrol

Front 50

The liver releases these hormones:

Back 50

Angiotensinogen, insulin-like growth factors

Front 51

The pancreas releases these hormones:

Back 51

Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

Front 52

Parathyroid gland releases this hormone:

Back 52

Parathyroid hormone

Front 53

The pineal gland releases this hormone:

Back 53

Melatonin

Front 54

The placenta releases these hormones:

Back 54

Estrogens and progesterone, chorionic gonadotropin, relaxin, placental lactogen

Front 55

Posterior pituitary gland:

Back 55

Vasopressins (AHD), Oxytocin

Front 56

The skin releases:

Back 56

Vitamin D

Front 57

The thymus gland releases:

Back 57

Thymosin and thymopoietin

Front 58

The thyroid gland releases:

Back 58

Thyroid hormones and calcitonin

Front 59

Review chart of vertebrate nervous system division chart

Back 59

Okay

Front 60

The autonomic nervous system has these two divisions:

Back 60

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 61

This nervous system regulates digestive organs, receiving both sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs

Back 61

Enteric nervous system

Front 62

The sympathetic division of the ANS has these effects on the body, preparing it for physical activity.

Back 62

-Increases heart rate
-Opens airways
-Break down glycogen and fat stores
-Dilate vessels supplying skeletal muscles
-Dilate pupils
(See figure 15.11)

Front 63

The parasympathetic division of the ANS has these effects on the body, which are general housekeeping functions.

Back 63

Digestion and excretion (See figure 15.11)

Front 64

Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are this type.

Back 64

Cholinergic

Front 65

Nicotinic receptors are [ionotropic/metabotropic] and are found on post-ganglionic cell bodies and dendrites.

Back 65

Ionotropic, procude EPSP

Front 66

Muscarinic receptors are [ionotropic/metabotropic] and are found on effector cells of the parasympathetic system

Back 66

Metabotropic, triggers signal cascades and second messengers leading to IPSP

Front 67

Adrenergic receptors are found on these cells and are GPCR (G Protein coupled receptors)

Back 67

Effector cells of the sympathetic system

Front 68

The forebrain is divided into these two parts:

Back 68

Telencephaon and Diencephalon

Front 69

The midbrain is also known as:

Back 69

Mescenphalon

Front 70

The hindbrain is divided into these two parts:

Back 70

Metencephalopn and myelencephalon

Front 71

The forebrain has the following areas:

Back 71

Telencephalon: Cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, limbic system
Diencephalon: Thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 72

The midbrain has the following areas:

Back 72

Mesencephalon: Superior and inferior colliculus

Front 73

The hindbrain has the following areas:

Back 73

Metencephalon: Cerebellum and pontine motor nuclei
Mylencephalon: Medulla oblongata

Front 74

The function of the cerebral cortex is:

Back 74

Higher sensory, motor and integrative functions
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's telencephalon.

Front 75

The function of the hippocampus is:

Back 75

Learning and memory
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's telencephalon.

Front 76

The function of the basal ganglia is:

Back 76

Motor control
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's telencephaon

Front 77

The function of the limbic system is:

Back 77

Emotion control.
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's telencephalon.

Front 78

The function of the thalamus is:

Back 78

Major sensory relay.
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's diencephalon.

Front 79

The function of the hypothalamus is:

Back 79

Homeostatic and endocrine regulation, as well as circadian clock regulation.
Reminder: It is located in the forebrain's diencephalon.

Front 80

The function of the superior colliculus is:

Back 80

Visual integration.
Reminder: It is located in the midbrain's mesencephalon.

Front 81

The function of the inferior colliculus is:

Back 81

Auditory integration.
Reminder: It is located in the midbrain's mesencephalon.

Front 82

The function of the cerebellum is:

Back 82

Motor coordination.
Reminder: It is located in the hindbrain's metencephalon.

Front 83

The function of the pontine motor nuclei is:

Back 83

Descending motor control.
Reminder: It is located in the hindbrain's metencephalon.

Front 84

The function of the medulla oblongata is:

Back 84

Autonomic and respiratory control.
Reminder: It is located in the hindbrain's myelencephalon.

Front 85

This system regulates and coordinates distant organs through hormone secretion.

Back 85

Endocrine system

Front 86

These are signal molecules that are delivered to targets through the blood/circulatory system.

Back 86

Hormones

Front 87

The three classes of hormones are:

Back 87

Steroids, peptides, and amines

Front 88

These hormones are six carbon chains.

Back 88

Steroids

Front 89

This type of hormone is genetically encoded and hydrophilic.

Back 89

Peptides

Front 90

True or False: The cerebrospinal fluid is another name for brain extracellular fluid.

Back 90

False

Front 91

The part of the vertebrate nervous system that sends information to the central nervous system is the:

Back 91

Sensory/afferent

Front 92

Receptors of the autonomic nervous system that generally initiate EPSPs are:

Back 92

Nicotinic

Front 93

The part of the brain that is involved in higher order integration and reasoning is the _____

Back 93

Cortex

Front 94

The cortex is found in the _____

Back 94

forebrain

Front 95

This type of hormone is derived from amino acids such as tyrosine and tryptophan.

Back 95

Amines

Front 96

Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are all this type of amine/hormone.

Back 96

Catecholamine

Front 97

Thryoxine and Triiodothyronine are both types of:

Back 97

Thyroid hormones. They are also hydrophobic and containe iodine

Front 98

Melatonin, a hydrophillic hormone, is derived from this amino acid:

Back 98

Tryptophan.

Front 99

These types of hormones can diffuse through cell membranes and alter gene expression.

Back 99

Steroids and Thyroid hormones

Front 100

The only type of hormones that are genetically encoded are:

Back 100

Peptides

Front 101

Read over "properties of hormones" chart. Table 16.1, slide 21.

Back 101

Okay

Front 102

This is a method of control in which too little of a hormone promotes production and too much of a hormone inhibits its production.

Back 102

Negative feedback

Front 103

This method of control is when hormones are produced in response to a specific stimulus.

Back 103

Neuronal

Front 104

This method of control occurs when the secretion of hormones fluctuates as a function of time.

Back 104

Biorhythms

Front 105

What are three ways in which the anterior pituitary is controlled?

Back 105

Electrolytic lesions in the hypothalamus (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LG, and GH decrease, prolactin increases), Stimulating electrodes in the hypothalamus (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, and GH increase, prolactin decreases), cutting the stalk of the pituitary (TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH and GH decrease, prolactin increases)

Front 106

Read study by Roger Guillemin and Robert Burgus about sheep brains

Back 106

Okay

Front 107

True or False: The hypothalmus controls secretions of hormones from the anterior pituitary, and all are peptides except dopamine.

Back 107

True

Front 108

How are neurosecretory cells controlled?

Back 108

Neural input and negative feedback

Front 109

Thyrotropin is responsible for:

Back 109

Metabolism and growth
TSH -> Thryoid gland -> Thyroid hormones -> Metabolism and Growth

Front 110

Adrenocorticotropin is responsible for:

Back 110

Stress response and metabolic actions
ACTH -> Adrenal Cortex -> Glucocorticoids -> Stress response and metabolic action

Front 111

Growth Hormone is responsible for:

Back 111

The growth of many tissues and metabolic actions
Liver -> Insulin-like growth factors -> tissue growth
Muscles and fat -> Metabolic actions

Front 112

MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) in some animals is responsible for:

Back 112

Skin darkening in amphibians, reptiles and fish

Front 113

Prolactin is responsible for:

Back 113

Mammary glands of mammals -> growth during pregnancy and milk production
Various vertebrates -> Reproduction, water and ion balance, caring for young

Front 114

Gonadotropin is responsible for:

Back 114

LH -> gonads -> sex, hormone production and secretion
FSH -> gonads -> sperm production in males, follicle development and secretion in females

Front 115

Vasopressin (mammals) and vasotocin (non-mammals) is responsible for:

Back 115

Osmoregulation/water retention and vasoconstriction

Front 116

Oxytocin is responsible for:

Back 116

Social bonding, uterus contractions, milk ejection

Front 117

Read about/watch video on anti-diuretic hormone

Back 117

Okay

Front 118

Thyroxine, produced by the thyroid gland, functions to:

Back 118

Maintain normal cellular metabolism, promote GH release, increase catabolism of carbs and lipids, protein anabolism, nervous system activity stimulation

Front 119

True or False: triiodothyronine functions the same way as Thryoxine, but it is LESS potent.

Back 119

False, it is more potent.

Front 120

The thyroid gland produces one peptide hormone (the others are thyroid hormones). It is:

Back 120

Calcitonin

Front 121

Calcitonin's function is:

Back 121

Homeostasis of blood calcium when it is too high; reduces bone breakdown and increases loss of calcium in urine through kidneys

Front 122

Parathyroid hormone

Back 122

Regulation of blood calcium when it is too low.
** Antagonist of Calcitonin**

Front 123

These hormones are involved in stress responses:

Back 123

Glucocortocoids and catecholamines, found in the adrenal glands

Front 124

Mineralcorticoids have this function:

Back 124

Regulate mineral electrolyte homeostasis

Front 125

Vasopressin (pituitary gland) and Aldosterone (adrenal cortex) cause increased water absorption (kidneys) and increased Na+ absorption (kidneys). Fluid retention is increased, as well as blood volume and blood pressure

Back 125

Okay

Front 126

Pancreatic islets are called:

Back 126

Islets of Lagerhans

Front 127

Islets of Lagerhans secrete three groups of cells:

Back 127

Alpha (glucagon), Beta (insulin), and Delta (somatostatin)

Front 128

Glucagon has these functions:

Back 128

-Prevents hypoglycemia
-Stimulates liver to break down glycogen
-Stimulates break down of fats
-Stimulates liver to convert amino acids and fats into glucose

Front 129

Insulin has these functions:

Back 129

-Prevents hyperglycemia
-Stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen
-Inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver
-Promotes facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells with insulin receptors
-Promotes protein synthesis
-Promotes synthesis of fats by adipose cells

Front 130

This is classified as something that is a threat to homeostasis.

Back 130

Stress

Front 131

This is when environments, external or internal, approach "danger" zones.

Back 131

Range of acceptability

Front 132

This allows an organism to "cope" with stressors and return to a homeostatic state

Back 132

Stress response

Front 133

During periods of stress, these bodily functions increase:

Back 133

Activity, blood flow, heart rate, and energy/glucose availability

Front 134

During periods of stress, these bodily functions are suppressed:

Back 134

Reproduction, immune system, appetite

Front 135

REVIEW FIGURE 16.12 AND NOTES

Back 135

Okay

Front 136

Acute CORT inhibits:

Back 136

Cell division, protein synthesis, and immune system functions (if present AFTER immune response)
For example, cortisone creams and shots to reduce inflammation

Front 137

Acute CORT enhances:

Back 137

Blood pressure, cardiac output, immune system (if present BEFORE immune response to allow the body to prepare for damages), free glucose

Front 138

Some activational effects of hormones are:

Back 138

They are not devlopmental, they're seen during or soon after hormone release, they are temporary, they can control hunger, blood calcium, and water.

Front 139

Some organizational effects of hormones are:

Back 139

They occur during critical developmental periods, they irreversibly alter behavior and physiology, Example: secondary sexual characteristics
increase anxiety, impair parental behavior, decrease aggression toward intruders, decrease memory and learning, increase probability of psychological problems. (Abused become abusers)

Front 140

Nazca boobies perform this when food is scarce

Back 140

Siblicide

Front 141

These are non-breeders or failed breeders, both male and female, that harass chicks in a variety of ways.

Back 141

Non-Parental Adult Visitors (NAVs)

Front 142

Three types of NAV behaviors include:

Back 142

Aggressive (51%), Affiliative (46.3%), and Sexual (12.2%)

Front 143

This is responsible for gonad growth and development, as well as the development of sexual secondary characteristics

Back 143

HPG axis

Front 144

Release of this hormone triggers the production of sex steroids in the gonads.

Back 144

LH

Front 145

TRUE OR FALSE:The anterior pituitary produces releasing and inhibiting hormones

Back 145

False

Front 146

TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior pituitary is glandular and releases hormones, while the posterior pituitary is neuronal and releases neurohormones

Back 146

True

Front 147

True or False: Calcitonin INCREASES circulating [Ca2+]

Back 147

False, it REDUCES circulating [Ca2+]

Front 148

This is produced by adipose cells and it reduces hunger.

Back 148

Leptin

Front 149

The first response to a stressor is driven by:

Back 149

Sympathetic stimulation

Front 150

Pick the false statement about CRH released by the hypothalamus:
A. Inhibits sympathetic stimulation of adrenal glands
B. Enhances memory formation of stressful events
C. Triggers production and release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary
D. Inhibits reproduction
E. Both A and D

Back 150

Both A&D

Front 151

True or False: Both early and late responses to an acute stressor cause an increase in blood glucose

Back 151

True

Front 152

The downward trend in circulating CORT seen after 25 minutes in the capture-restraint test is caused by:

Back 152

CORT inhibiting the release of CRH

Front 153

True or False: The Fence control group in the exclosure experiment was done to determine if NAV events cause a stress response.

Back 153

False

Front 154

This is produced by granulosa cells and inhibits the release of FSH by the anterior pituitary.

Back 154

Inhibin

Front 155

The brain structure that regulates circadian rhythms is the:

Back 155

Suprachiasmatic nucleus