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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the first law of thermodynamics? |
conservation of energy |
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what are the respiratory quotidient for carbs, fats, and proteins |
carb: 1.00 fats: 0.71 protein: 0.84 |
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what is the respiratory quotient? |
the amount of CO2 formed per O2 used |
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what is the difference between direct and indirect calorimetry |
direct: measure heat directy from animal indirect: measure amount of O2 used |
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what are the fuel values of carbs, fats, and proteins? |
carb: 4kcal/g fat: 9kcal/g protein: 4kcal/g |
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why is glycogen a good energy storage? |
- it's branched which allows for faster glucose delivery by cleaving off a branch - used in low O2 environments |
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what does SMR stand for and what is it? |
- Standard metabolic rate - used for ectotherms since it allows fluctuations in Tb |
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What does BMR stand for and what is it used for? |
- Basal metabolic rate - used for endotherms - metabolism within a range of temps |
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what are the requirements for BMR and SMR? |
animal is quiet, inactive, not digesting, and under no stress |
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what is ADMR? |
average daily metabolic rate - usually 2.5-3.5xBMR for free living animals - avg for routing activities in 24h |
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What is MMR? |
max metabolic rate - highest met. rate obtained aerobically - VO2 max |
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what are the body size limits of animals due to? |
lower limits: 1-2g from energetics upper limits due to structural limits |
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what is Rubner's surface area for? |
scaling the power to 0.67 for aM^b for mass vs log of O2 consumption for slope |
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what is the actual power for the equation of log body mass vs log O2 consumption? |
0.75 as the power for aM^b |
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what are the interspecific relationships of the effects of body mass on O2 consumption |
- passerine birds have slightly higher metabolism than most birds - marsupials have slightly lower metabolism than most mammals |
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what is allometry and the equations of allometry? |
- scaling to body mass
- O2 consumption: aM^0.75
- O2 consumption per kg: aM^(-0.25)
- lung ventilation rate: aM^0.75 - heart rate (per minute): aM^(-0.25) - respiration frequency (per minute): aM^(-0.26) |
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what is metabolic time? |
- how "fast" an animal lives - thought to be 800 million hearbeats - not really true |
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what is endurance time? |
available energy / metabolic rate |
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what are the temporal and geographic effects on metabolism? |
- circadian and circannual rhythms (nocturnal, diurnal) - altitude, season, latitude (temp.) |
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what is SDE of food? |
- specific dynamic effect - specific dynamic action in fish - heat increment/heat of nutrient metabolism (breakdown in the GI tract) |
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what are the effects of food type for SDE |
- protein: increased 31% above fasting - fat: increase 13% above fasting -carbs: increase 6% above fasting |
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what are the different survival strategies based on O2 availability? |
metabolic regulators - maintain SMR or BMR as pO2 gets reduced to some critical value, then decreases metabolic conformers - SMR directly proportional to pO2 |
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what is VO2 max? |
- max O2 consumption - decreases exponentially with body mass |
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what effect does body mass have on O2 consumption vs speed? |
higher O2 consumption with lower body mass as speed increases |
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what are the effects of different activities on O2 consumption vs speed? |
walking: linear increase, going uphill increases slope of line swimming: met rate increases exponentially flying: increases with flight speed, E cost higher at beginning |
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compare the log net vs mass costs of locomotory types |
- walking highest - flight middle with shallower slope - swimming lowest |
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what are the three types of temperature regulation? |
poikilothermic: - variable Tb - decreased activity with lower Tb heterothermic: - highly regulated Tb, but Tb can decline homeothermic: - constant Tb at higher temps - remain active at low Ta |
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ectothermy vs endothermy |
endothermic: - internal heat production - high Tb ectothermic - external sources for heat |
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how do bumblebees produce heat? |
contracting muscles |
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what are the different mechanisms of heat exchange? |
- conduction: heat transfer between solid materials - convection: heat transfer by fluid movement - radiation: all objects release electromagnet radiation - evaporation: evaporation of water to dissapate heat - heat balance: to maintain constant Tb |
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what is thermal conductivity? |
- measure of how easily heat flows in a material Q=k*A*(T2-T1)/L |
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what is insulation? |
- reciprocal of conductivity - larger animals tend to have more insulation - lower insulating value in water since water has high conductivity |
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what is the equation of convection? |
Q=hc(T2-T1) |
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what is free vs forced convection? |
- free: temp differences produces convection currents - forced: wind, water |
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what is stefan-boltzmann law? |
- rate of EM rad loss QR proportional to constant*Ts^4
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what are the two methods of evaporation? |
- sweating - panting |
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How do you measure the surface heat of ectotherms? |
Hs=Htot +- Hc +- Hr +- He in aquatic: Hs=Htot +- Hc |
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what does the rete mirabile do in aquatic ectotherms? |
- countercurrent heat exchange between gills and tissues |
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what are the processes that can be used by terrestrial ectotherms for heat? |
- use solar radiation: colour of skin, posture in sunlight
- use conduction: absorb heat from substrate
- muscular heat production: insulation pile -- specialized scales for insulation, vibrate thorax muscles
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what are heliotherms and thigmotherms? |
helio: absorb heat by basking in sunlight thigmo: absorb heat from substrate |
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what is eccritic temp? |
prefferred Tb --> try to maintain |
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how is eccritic temp maintained? |
- adjusting rates of heating and cooling - rate of heating twice as fast as cooling |
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what are eurytherms and stenotherms? what are the advantages of each? |
eurytherm: wide temp -- don't regulate Tb - no metabolic energy or time expended on regulation stenotherm: narrow temp -- regulate Tb - precise temp regulatiom without metabolic costs |
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what is Q10? |
increase in rate of physiological processes due to 10C increase in temp |
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how do you calculate Q10? |
Q10= (R2/R1) - R=rate |
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what is TL50? |
temp where 50% die |
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what are results of heat dmg? |
- denaturation of proteins (45-55C) - thermal inactivation of enzymes - inadequate oxygen supply - different Q10 effects on interdependent met. rxns - temp effects on membrane structure |
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what are the different strategies of cold tolerance? |
- supercooling (cooling but not freezing) - antifreeze compounds: glycoproteins (alanine, threonine), polyoles (glycerol), Nacl, glucose -- from most effective to least effective |
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what is thermal acclimation vs acclimatization |
- acclimatization: compensation for natural environmental changes - acclimation: compensation for experimental changes |
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what affects the rate of acclimation? |
- temp: faster at higher temp - oxygen: faster at higher pO2 |
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what does TNZ stand for and what is it? |
- thermoneutral zone - where metabolic rate remains constant in a range of temperatures |
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what are the lower and upper critical temps? |
lower: met rate increases below that temp upper: met rate increases above that temp |
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what is metabolic conductance? |
total heat from the animal to its surroundings |
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how do you find the met. conductance? |
slope of line below lower crit. temp on met rate vs temp |
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in terms of conductance, how does tropical compare to arctic species? |
tropic: high conductance arctic: low conductance |
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how do you find a generalized Tb from the graph of met rate vs temp? |
zero the slope of the line nelow lower crit temp |
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how do you minimize thermal conductance? |
- increase body size - adjust posture - huddling - use of external insulation -- eg. using old fur or lichens to insulate nest - insulation of skin -- grow fur - peripheral or regional heterothermy -- allow temp of peripheral tissues to decline - blubber -- insulation on inside of skin |
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what are mechanisms for heat production? |
- shivering - non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) -- using brown adipose tissue - specific dynamic effect |
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what does NST stand for and what does it do? |
- non-shivering thermogenesis - brown adipose tissue with mass amounts of mitochondria in cells used for heat production |
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what is natural hypothermia and what are the types? |
- an adaptive decline in Tb -- must be able to arouse to normal Tb - torpor -- lack of motor coordination and no response to external stimuli - hibernation-- long term torpor |
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what are the stages of torpor? |
entry, torpor, arouse |
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what is the relation between torpor and thermal conductance? |
entry into torpor depends on cooling properties of the animal |
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what is the critical body temperature? |
- Tbcrit - the lowest Tb can go in torpor |
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when in hibernation, why do animals wake up in rhythms? |
- possibly for REM sleep - dendrites could break down when cold -- prevent damage to the brain - could be to maintain immune function |
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what is a spontaneous hibernator vs a facultative hibernator? |
spont: based on a photoperiod fac: based on availability of water and food |
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what is the relation between body mass and evaporative cooling |
smaller animals have higher evap. cooling |
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what are the means of dissipating excess heat? advantages/disadvantages |
- cutaneous water loss - respiratory water loss - salivation, licking, urinating panting provides air flow over moist surface and does not lose electrolytes, but can change pCO2 |
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what is the max percent water loss? |
10-20% body mass |
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What is the process called when animals increase Tb in higher temperatures? why do they do this? |
- hyperthermia - less net radiative gain due to smaller difference between Tb and Ta - conserves water due to evap cooling not needed as much |
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why is the brain's temp. regulated? |
- high Tb can comprimise brain fxn - usually 2-3C lower than high Tb |
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how is the brain's temp regulated in high temps? |
- countercurrent heat exchange from cooling in sinuses - panting - facial cooling |
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what are the advantages of homeothermy? disadvantage? |
- increased rate of enzyme activity at high Tb - increased force and velocity of muscle contraction - optimal temp for enzyme catalysis if Tb constant - activity levels are independent of ambient temp disad: - high E cost during inactivity and at low Ta |
