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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how to calculate partial pressure of oxygen in dry air |
0.2095 * total air pressure for dry |
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how to calculate relative humidity, absolute humidity, and pO2 of humid air |
%RH = pH2O/pH2O(sat) X=total humidity =(%RH/100)*X(sat) X(Sat)= most amount of water in air pO2=0.2095(Total Pressure-pH2O) |
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what is fick's law |
rate of diffusion across a membrane J= -D * A * dC/dX
d=diffusion coefficient dC=concentration difference dX=membrane thickness |
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What is henry's law |
amount of gas dissolved in a given amount of water Vg=Pg/760mmHg Vg(O2)=34.1mL |
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what affects solubility of gas? |
- solubility of the gas - temperature (higher temp decreases O2 consumption) - partial pressure of the gas pushing on the water - presence of other solutes (decreases solubility as solutes increase) |
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what affects diffusion across a membrane? |
molecular weight respiratory medium: more viscous = slower |
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what are the types of respiratory structures? |
- gills: Evaginated, turned out from the body, extension of the body surface - lungs: invaginated, internalized SA - tracheae: air filled tubes that extend to body tissues |
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what are methods of moving water past gills |
- surface ciliary action - moving water past the gills via opercular pumping - moving the gills through the water (Ram ventilation) - changing from opercular pumping to ram ventilation is due to increased speed (leave mouth open to push water past gills) |
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what are some physiological implications of aquatic respiration? |
- lower pO2 in blood leads to increased ventilation - metabolic cost for ventilation: cost of resting ventilation 5-10%, can be up to 50% - consequences of low resting metabolic rate in aquatic species: low O2 content in water --> low resting metabolism |
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advantages of lungs |
- if water temporarily dried up - low pO2 in the water - fish that migrate |
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disadvantages of gills |
- not built for aerial respiration -- collapse under own weight - lammelae stick together by surface tension -- reduced SA |
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air breathing fish: dual breathers |
- use different exchange surfaces - depends on oxygen in the water and temp |
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cutaneous respiration |
- gas exchange by diffusion - use skin and lungs |
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mammalian lung |
- uniform pool gas exchange and - large SA from thin membranes and SA for fast diffusion - lung volume: 5% of body volume (increases as larger animal) - tidal volume: volume of air inhaled in a single breath
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physiological implications of air breathing |
- increased pCO2 --> increased ventilation - sensed by chemosensors in cerebrospinal fluid |
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avian lung and cross current gas exchange |
movement of air: - air flows to posterior air sacs - flows through lungs - flows to anterior air sacs - flows out of the air sacs cross current: - multiple capillaries flow across a single pathway of air to maximize O2 extracted |
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insect respiration system |
- air enters through spiracles and diffuses into tissues aquatic adaptations: - closed tracheal system - abdominal appendages for gas exchange - plastron: air bubble from dense hair |
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effects of diving and why diving mammals don't get it |
- oxygen toxicity: increased pO2 from increased depth - N2 narcotic effects: euphoric feeling - caisson's disease: high dissolved N2 in the tissues after a dive - deep divers collapse alveoli to prevent gas exchange, lower metabolism and heart rate, and have a high erythrocyte and myoglobin count |
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plasma constituents |
- 90% water - solution of nutrients, wastes, salts, hormones, proteins - serum is plasma minus clotting factors |
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hematocrit and red blood cell shape and size |
- hematocrit=% blood consisting of cells - all RBC's nucleated except mammals - mammals biconcave and round, except for camel or llama - birds are nucleated and oval - no relation of cell size and animal size |
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what are the only cells in the lymphatic system |
leucocytes |
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what are the different types of leucocytes |
granulocytes: - eosinophils (red) - parasitic infection - basophils (blue) - allergy - neutrophils (no colour or pink) - for phagocytosis lymphoid cells - lymphocytes (specific defences immunity) - monocytes (phagocytic) |
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what are the different respiratory pigments and what animals are they in? |
- Hemoglobin: vertebrates
- chlorocruorin: green; contains Fe; 4 polychaete annelid families
- Hemerythrin: violet pink when oxy, colourless when deoxy; some marine worms
- hemocyanin: blue when oxy due to Cu; crabs, lobsters, shrimp, spiders, etc |
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what is the bohr effect? |
higher pCO2 decreases pH --> decreases affinity and increases p50 |
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how does body size affect dissociation curves? |
smaller mammals shift curve right for lower affinity |
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what is the root effect in fish? |
- increased pCO2 or decreased pH decreases O2 carrying capacity of some types of Hb |
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what organic phosphate compounds reduce O2 affinity and in which animals? |
- DPG in mammals - IPP in birds - GTP in fish - ATP in fish |
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what does acetazolamide do? |
decreases DPG --> increases O2 affinity |
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what does carbonic anhydrase do in the blood? |
shifts eqm of CO2 dissolving in water |
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what promotes uptake of CO2 in the blood at the tissue level |
fully deoxygenated blood |
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what are the different types of blood pumps? |
- peristaltic pump: tubular heart; constriction in a tube (invertebrates) - chamber pump: coordinated contractions force blood out (vertebrates and molluscs) |
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what are the two types of circulatory systems |
open: blood flows through tissues and eventually gets collected closed: blood flows in closed tubes |
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what are the different parts of a fish heart |
- 2 chambers: atrium and ventricle - sinus venosus and bulbus arteriosus |
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what are the parts of the amphibian heart? |
- 2 atria divided: right atrium pulmonary side - 1 ventricle - conus arteriosus helps stop blood mixing |
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what are the parts of a reptile heart |
- 2 atria divide - 2 ventricles partially divided |
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what is poiseuilles equation |
- rate of flow in a tube
Q=((deltaP)(Pi*r^4))/(8(tube length)(viscosity)) |
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how do different animals increase cardiac output? |
- birds increase frequency - fish increase stroke volume - humans increase frequency and stroke |
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what is starling's law |
the greater the filling of the heart, the greater the blood pumped into the aorta |
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how does capillary colloidal osmotic pressure work? |
- hydraulic pressure forces plasma, water, ions, and small proteins and amino acids - osmotic pressure from large proteins draw water back into capillaries |
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how do capillary beds interact with the lymphatic system? |
- lymphatic system removes excess water since filtration from capillaries exceeds absorption of capillaries |
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how does blood clotting work? |
- tissue damage releases thromboplastin activates platelets - platelets release a clotting factor (prothrombin activator) - converts prothrombin (vit. K) to thrombin - thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin to form clot clot retraction: - plasminogen converted to plasmin breaks down clot |
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what are the different feeding patterns? |
suspension feeding: - pseudopodial: cytoplasmic extensions - flagellate/ciliate - tentacular (anemones) - mucoid: mucous sheets (tunicates) - setous: chitin fringes/bristles - filter feeding in vertebrates
Large food particle feeding - swallow inactive food particles - scrape/boring into food masses
seize prey - seize and swallow - seize and chew - seize and suck
fluid feeding: feed by piercing
surface nutrient absorption: endoparasites |
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what are the two types of digestion |
intracellular: unicellular, no specialization extracellular: in a gut tube with 2 openings, allow continuous one-way flow of food |
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glandular systems in vertebrate digestive tracks |
salivary: - amylase - denaturing proteins - posings or toxins - silk production - anti-coagulant liver: - bile salts pancreas - enzyme precursors: trypsinogen, carboxypeptidase - active enzymes: amylase, esterases and lipases - sodium bicarbonate |
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how is trypsin and pepsin formed? |
- enterokinase converts trypsinogen to trypsin - H+ converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
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what are endo and exopeptidases |
endo: cleaves peptide bond within a protein exo: cleaves terminal a.a. in peptide chains |
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what are polysaccharidases and oligosaccharidases |
poly: break down starch oligo: break down dimers |
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how are lipids absorbed in the SI? |
- bile salts break down fats into smaller droplets - lipases and esterases hydrolyze lipids and esters - lipids then reform into triglycerides - protein coats the triglycerides to form chylomicrons - chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system through lacteals in the villi |
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how do you tell apart the rumen, reticulum, omasum by texture |
rumen: papillae reticulum: honeycomb omasum: many folds |
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what are advantages and disadvantages of ruminant types |
advantages: - volatile fatty acids more available - urea can be recycled for a protein source - synthesis of vitamins disadvantages: - reduced rate of passage due to high fiber content - microbes take some of the energy |
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what is cecotrophy? |
ingesting feces that went through cecum |
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how are wax digested |
symbiotic bacteria: - wax moth larvae - south african honey guide wax lipase: - copepod consuming fish - marine birds |
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how does the sout african honey guide and ratel work |
- wax moth larvae infect hive - honey guide leads ratel to hive - ratel breaks hive and honey guide gets some honey |
