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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define physiology. |
A study of how structures and functions of the body work together to allow for behavioural responses to the environment |
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What are challenges/advantages for aquatic animals? |
- wet all the time - less light - more dense, more viscous (but body support by buoyancy) - oxygen hard to extract - abundant suspended nutrients |
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What are challenges/advantages for terrestrial animals? |
- dry all the time - more light - less dense, less viscous (no body support by buoyancy) - oxygen easier to extract - no suspended nutrients |
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What is the SA:V ratio of large animals? |
Small |
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What is SA:V ratio for small animals? |
Large |
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Define homology. |
Similarity due to ancestry |
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Define analogy. |
Similarity due to similar environmental pressures |
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Define homeostasis. |
Dynamic mechanisms that regulate many parameters (temperature, pH, etc) |
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What are the parts of a homeostatic loop? |
- stimulus - sensor - control - effector |
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What is an example of negative feedback? |
Thermoregulation |
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What is an example of positive feedback? |
Giving birth |
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What is the difference in O2 and CO2 diffusion coefficients between air and water? |
Higher in air than water |
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What is the difference in O2 solubility between air and water? |
Higher in air than water |
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What is the difference in CO2 solubility between air and water? |
Similar |
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What is the difference in O2 concentration between air and water? |
Higher in air than water |
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What is the difference in CO2 solubility between air and water? |
Similar |
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What is the difference in density and viscosity between air and water? |
Higher in water than air |
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What does Fick's law tell us? |
Concentration is O2 is proportional to partial pressure of O2 at constant temperature |
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Define external respiration. |
Ventilation; active movement of respiratory medium |
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Define perfusion. |
Gas uptake |
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Define internal respiration. |
Use of O2 to make energy |
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Define ventilatory surface. |
Gills, lungs, etc |
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Define unidirectional flow. |
Medium enters at one point and exits via another |
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Define countercurrent flow. |
Blood flow in opposite direction of oxygen circulation |
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What is the gill arch? |
Larger blood vessels |
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What are gill filaments? |
Smaller blood vessels |
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What are gill lamellae? |
Capillaries |
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What are the parts of the gill? |
Gill arch, gill filaments, gill lamellae |
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Describe perfusion in water. |
- unidirectional flow - countercurrent exchange at gills |
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What is countercurrent exchange? |
Since blood and water move in opposite directions, there is a pressure gradient which allows the blood to pick up oxygen |
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What is spiracular breathing? |
- tracheal system open to air via spiracles, which lead into trachea internally to contact hemolymph - exit and entry point the same |
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Describe ventilation in birds. |
- unidirectional flow - two complete cycles of inhalation and exhalation for each breath of air - inhalation and exhalation occur at the same time |
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Describe perfusion in birds. |
- lungs (parabronchi) - capillaries perpendicular to parabronchi (cross current exchange) |
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Define tidal flow. |
Medium enters and exits from the same chamber |
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How does the diaphragm work? |
- when it expands the thoracic cavity, lungs also increase in volume - increased volume = less air inside, meaning pressure becomes more negative, allowing air to flow in - during exhalation, diaphragm and rib muscles relax, lung volume decreases, pressure less negative, and air flows out |
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Describe ventilation in mammals. |
- tidal flow - both inhalation and expiration for each cycle of breath - intrapleural pressure ensures that lungs stay closely connected to the thoracic wall and follow its movements during a breath cycle |
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Describe perfusion in mammals. |
- ventilatory surface: lungs bronchioles leading to alveoli) - counter current exchange: oxygen poor capillaries closest to alveoli |
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What is the process of evolution for respiration? |
- non directional ventilation and surface perfusion - unidirectional ventilation, surface - unidirectional ventilation, counter current - unidirectional ventilation, cross current - tidal ventilation |
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What are respiratory pigments? |
Transport molecules that bind oxygen (hemoglobin, hemocyanin, myoglobin) |
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What is the Bohr effect? |
Increased carbon dioxide levels reduces affinity of Hb |
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What is an O2 dissociation curve? |
- when pO2 is 0, no O2 bound to Hb - as pO2 increases, more O2 bound to Hb until all available Hb fully bound to O2 |
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What are avian adaptations to high altitude flight? |
- more effective breathing cycle - larger lungs - higher Hb affinity for O2 - cross current gas exchange - high capillarity |
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What is an open circulatory system? |
- not a closed loop system, no central pump - multiple disconnected simple heart chambers |
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What is the closed circulatory system in fish? |
- closed loop system - two connected chambers (one atrium and one ventricle) |
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What is the closed circulatory system in amphibians? |
Three connected chambers: two atria and one ventricle (some mixing of blood) |
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What is the closed circulatory system in mammals? |
Four connected chambers (two atria and two ventricles) |
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What is the evolution of pumps? |
- open circulatory system, multiple pumps - closed circulatory system, two chambered pump - three chambered pump - four chambered pump |
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What are veins? |
Large diameter, most compliant layer making up most of the vessel wall |
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Define compliance. |
Can carry a large volume of blood very well |
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Define arteries. |
Large diameter, most elastic and resilient layer making up most of the vessel wall |
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Define resilient. |
Thicker, muscular |
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Define capillaries. |
Thin, with large cross sectional area |
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Where in the circulatory system is pressure highest? |
Closest to the pump |
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What is osmosis? |
Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane towards a higher ion concentration |
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What are challenges for ion balance in freshwater? |
Gaining too much water, losing salt ions through diffusion |
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What are challenges for ion balance in saltwater? |
Gaining too much salt through diffusion, losing too much water |
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Define osmoconforming. |
Blood/fluid has about the same ion concentration as the environment |
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What are challenges to ion balance on land? |
Gaining too many salt ions, losing too much water, dessication |
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What are osmotic solutions in freshwater? |
- drink less or no water - actively reabsorb salts through gills and proximal/distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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Why do freshwater organisms reabsorb less water? |
- large glomerulus - absence of loop of Henle - short intermediary segment - collecting duct less permeable to water |
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How is salt reabsorbed in freshwater organisms? |
- sodium/potassium ATPase and potassium/chlorine cotransporter on basolateral membrane of renal tubule - sodium/proton exchanger and sodium/potassium/chloride cotransporters on apical membrane - salt increase in renal tubule, water leaves the body to decrease salt concentration |
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What are osmotic solutions in saltwater? |
- drink lots of water - actively eliminate salts through the gills and proximal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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What do saltwater organisms have to reabsorb more water? |
- small or no glomerulus - short proximal convoluted tubule and lack of distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct permeable to water |
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Why does a longer tubule gain more salt and lose more water? |
A longer tubule gives more time for filtering out |
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How is water reabsorbed in saltwater organisms? |
- sodium/potassium ATPase and potassium/sodium cotransporter on basolateral membrane - bicarbonate/chloride exchanger and sodium/potassium/chloride and sodium/chloride cotransporters on apical membrane of renal tubule - sales increase in body and water moves to decrease concentration |
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What do rectal glands do? |
Help remove extra salts and maintain blood salt concentration similar to environment |
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What do different chloride cells do? |
Can activate in different types of water so a fish can live in multiple environments |
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What are osmotic solutions on land (ant)? |
- salts and water from diet and drinking - actively balance salt and water in Malpighian tubules and midgut - reabsorb further salts and water in rectum |
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How are water and chloride reabsorbed in ants? |
- proton/potassium ATPase and bicarbonate/chloride exchanged in apical membrane of proximal malpighian tubule - salt increases in body and water moves from Malpighian tubule to decrease concentration |
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What are osmotic solutions on land (rat)? |
- salts and water from diet and drinking - actively balance salt and water in kidneys - countercurrent flow of blood around nephron loop |
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How is water reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? |
- sodium/potassium ATPase on basolateral membrane of renal tubule - salt increases in body and water moves to decrease salt concentration |
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What is the evolution of osmoregulation? |
- membrane channels and pumps: chloride cells - malpighian tubules - nephron - kidneys |
