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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eusocial |
Refers to species in which colonies contain non-reproductive castes; think about honeybees |
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Group selection |
When groups differ in their collective attributes & the differences affect the chances of the groups survival, usually slow & swamped out by individual selection |
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Individual selection |
The effects of differences between individuals in their ability to transmit copies of their genes to the next generation
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Gene selection |
The selfish gene view holds that adaptive evolution occurs through the differential survival of competing genes |
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Haplodiploidy |
A sex-determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid; think of honeybees and other eusocial insects |
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Kin selection |
Process that occurs when individuals differ in ways that affect their parental care or helping behavior, & thus the survival of their own offspring or non-descendant kin; think of Belding's ground squirrel and alarm calls |
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Direct fitness |
The genes contributed by an individual via personal reproduction to the bodies of surviving offspring, the kids YOU produce
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Indirect fitness |
The genes contributed by an individual indirectly by helping non-descendant kin raise offspring, in effect creating relatives that would not have existed without the help of the individual |
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Inclusive fitness |
The sum of direct and indirect fitness
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WD Hamilton |
A biologist who came up with Hamilton's Rule (C < r x B), an individual increases the number of its own genes that go into the next generation by helping a relative reproduce - to solve the conundrum of altruism |
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Evolution |
The process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. |
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4 Mechanisms of Evoluion |
Genetic drift, natural selection, mutations, & migration
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Hamilton's rule |
The cost of altruism must be less than the benefits times the coefficient of relatedness (C < r x B) |
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Coefficient of relatedness |
The number of alleles that is shared by the actor (individual being altruistic) and the recipient, expressed as a percent (like 0.5) |
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Wynne-Edwards |
A biologist who thought about group selection in order to "solve the conundrum of altruism" |
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GC Williams |
A biologist who thought that individual selection was the best answer for "the altruism conundrum" was individual selection |
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Richard Dawkins |
The writer of "The Selfish Gene," he said that an organism is a machine built by genes who's function is to get alleles from one generation to the next
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Directional selection |
A mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype
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Disruptive selection |
Also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values, over time there will be two distinct groups
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Stabilizing selection |
A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases and the population mean stabilizes on a particular trait value, makes a 'tighter' mean
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Frequency-dependent selection |
An evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population, usually the rarer phenotype does better/ higher fitness; think of right and left jawed perissodus
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Fixed action patterns |
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Sign stimulus |
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Innate releasing mechanism |
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Methods for studying adaptations |
Compare existing differences within a species, artificial variation, the comparative method (phylogeny), design features |
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Niko Tinberg |
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Konrad Lorenz |
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Karl von Frisch |
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Adaptation |
Heritable trait that increases individual fitness, compared with other alternative traits in the current environment |
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Fitness |
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Natural selection |
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4 levels of analysis |
Physiological mechanism, developmental mechanism, adaptive value, evolutionary history |
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Ernst Meyer |
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Susan Hrdy |
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Operational definitions |
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Ethogram |
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