Animal Behavior Test 2

Front 1

What were true of early laboraty studies

Back 1

the cyles are stable and quite precise not perfect
circannual and circadian rythms will keep, but there will still be some drift

Front 2

Circadian rythm

Back 2

24 hours

Front 3

circannual

Back 3

approximately 1 year

Front 4

If a hamster is running on a wheel under constant dim light- no light or other extreme cue.. What will happen?

Back 4

Animals activity runs in the wheel 12 minutes later each day. This is an example of a "free running cycle"

Front 5

What are the4 different types of biological clocks?

Back 5

Daily: nocturnal v. diurnal activity patterns
Tidal: Fiddler crabs active when tide is out, return to burrow BEFORE it comes in
Monthly cycle: human reproductive cycle
Annual: the palolo worm

Front 6

True or False: the Fiddler crab returns to burrow upon sight of the wave

Back 6

False. They" know" whats up before so th

Front 7

Is the fiddler crap free running?

Back 7

No- even though their reaction to tidal behavior has progressed daily-- its in response to the lunar biological clock.

There are cues that do not allow the animals to reset its clock.

Front 8

How do frogs mate?

Back 8

amphibans around the world sync the reproduction pathway with the moon

Front 9

Ant Lions

Back 9

1. example of Monthly biological clock
Ant lions dig a pit so the prey will fall in and attack!!
The ants dig larger pits when there is a full moon.
50 ant lion in the laboratory still responded to full moon as marked by the size of the hole.

Front 10

Palolo worm.

Back 10

Example of annual clock
Marine warm releases the gametes which float to the top of the water-- and is precisely timed with when in the year it will occur.
The 7th night after the first full moon following the automnal equinox

Front 11

What is an example of an organism that does not have a biological clock?

Back 11

Naked Mole rats lack a circadian rhythm.
Having evolved underground, along with the loss of their eyes, they lost the regulation of activity.
This is a secondary feature of the naked mole rat beause they have lost the behavior component of the circadian rythm .

Front 12

Somalain cave fish

Back 12

Lack a normal circadian rhythm due to evolution and unusual habitats.
The somalian cave fish are blind but they still do have a body clock. Their clock as been regulated by food availalability .

Front 13

Endogenous vs Exogenous

Back 13

endogenous: internal regulation
exogenous: clocks are critically dependant one extern view determined by " zeitgebers" which set the clock " entrainment"

Front 14

zeitgeber

Back 14

german idea of behavioral clocks-
zeitebegers are the term for the external cues

Front 15

Golden-mantled squirel

Back 15

The golden mantled squirrel offers evidence for endogenous clocks.

Experimenters regulated external cues of temperature, photoperiod and food access for 2 years.
However, the squirrel's biological clock are governed independed of the cues. The squirrel would continue to eat at particular times even if food was constant.

Front 16

T or f: The gold mantled squirrel lost its biological clock when taken from the mother at birth.

Back 16

FALSE. Even after taking immediately after birth-- the squirrel still followed its biological clock of hibernation/ food consumption. Clearly endogenous.

Front 17

When you deprive crickets from dark what happens?
What else causes the same effect?

Back 17

Their response of cricket sounds are not monitored appropriately. this is evidence for exogenous

2. Severing the connction between the brain and the eyes.

Front 18

What is the current idea of the biological clock model?

Back 18

1. Sunlight or environmental cues signal the
2. Sensory receptors
3. Sensory receptors govern the pacemaker while will show
4. observable behaviors

Front 19

What is the human pacemaker?

Back 19

Suprachiasmatic nucleus gets information from the eyes, not from the eyes and cones ( which we see from ) but from special ganglia cells.

Front 20

What goes on in the pacemaker region of the fly within the course of the day?
1. Dawn?
2. Noon
3. Dusk

Back 20

1. At Dawn, there is no transcription of PER/TIM protein. But there are a lot of Per/TIM Complex wihin the nucleus
2. By noon, the sun has officially broken down the Per/Tim complex
3. Dusk: individual proteins are generated in cytoplasm, peak levels of per and tim rna in cytoplasm prodcues levels of PER and TIM proteins
When enough TIM and PER are made, they will complex, move to the nucleus and shut down MRNA associated with the per/ tim proteins?

Front 21

What are the cellular basis for circadian rythm of fly and what is the zeitbeger?

Back 21

1. Cellular basis: PER/TIM proteins regulate cellular basis
2. zeitbeger is the sun
Together these signaling cues make up a very good example of our current understanding of the behaivoral clock.

Front 22

Monozygotic twins v. digotic twins

Back 22

1. mono= the same genes When measuring intelligence there should be correlation of 1 between the 2 twins
But its still high at .85. Researchers noticed if they are reared together or apart.

2. digotic= only 50% of the same genes

Front 23

Twins are not common in animals. t/f

Back 23

FALSE. way more common in humans, probably because twins are hard to raise in the wild.
EXCEPT Primates.
Also. the armadillo has monozygotic quadruplets

Front 24

Dilger's love birds

Back 24

Discovered that there is genetic invovment in 2 species of love bird. When the fisheri and roseicollis interbred, the hybrids were infertile and tried to mimick carrying nest material in their rump.

After1 2 breeding periods in 3 years, the hybrids eventually abondened the rump carriage-

Dilger concluded: there is significant but modifiable influence of genes
wanted to examine 2 different species of love birds, who exhbits have different nest-gathering behaviors.
between A FISHERI. and ROSEICOLLIS

Front 25

ROSEICOLLIS

Back 25

lovebird that carries nest material in rump feathers so it can bring more back to the nest.

Front 26

A FISHERI.

Back 26

This lovebird uses its bill t carry nest material and does not stuff it in the rump feathers.

Front 27

Quantitative inheritance

Back 27

When mulitple loci contribute to a trait and represent an additive function.
Example: When 2 species of crickets were crossbread, the hybrid song was a combination of the two breeds and upon back cross between hybrid and parental-- the song reverted back to commodis.

Front 28

Which gender has a greater influence on cricket song production? How did ______ find this?

Back 28

Bentley and Hoy found that the female cricket has more influence than the male by illistrating a female hybrid of the commodis and oceanicus cricket prefers the song of a male that resembles her mothers song.

Front 29

What did scott and fullers study on dog behaviors show?

Back 29

Scott and Fuller- interbred 2 different species of dogs, basenji and cokerspaniel to see if the enviornment was basis for behavior or if it was due to genetic difference. Found that there behavioral characteristics like aggression were clearly influenced by genetic make up

Front 30

2 behaviors of the hygienic honey bee

Back 30

1. uncapping larval cell
2. removing dead larva from cell

hygienic honey bee: did not get affected by bacterial disease

Front 31

How did rothenbuhler discover how many genes were responsible for the hygienic phenotype?

Back 31

rothenbuhler took hybrids from F1 generation and backcrossed them with individuals from the hygienic strain.
if 1 gene was responsible for the difference in behavior than 1/2 of the progeny should be hygienic- but this was not that case.

Found that 2 loci and 2 alleles control fro the transmission of hygienic trait. The removal of the infected larvae honey bees is not based on one gene.

Front 32

What species did Margaret Bastock study and what did she show?

Back 32

1. drosphilia flies - investigated that "yellow" males had lower mating success and than others because yellow males did not produce an attractive enough song for the female flies.

proved: a single gene difference could effect behavior and when a single gene influences 2 radically different phenotypes-- we call this pleitropy

Front 33

the behavioral mating traits of the Yellow fly is exclusively due to a genotypic cause.

Back 33

False. Margaret Bastock concluded that if there is different reproductive success among normal and less in yellow males, it cannot be attributed to a single color gene- there may be another trait that was influenced as well.

Front 34

How did scientists discover the functional site of the wings up mutation?

Back 34

They used gynadromorphs: a sex mosaic- produced by "ring shaped" x chromosome which is unstable during first division
XX tissues are female
X tissues are male

The male half has a shorter wing and a white eye

Front 35

Male mice need ____ in order to recognize females

Back 35

oxytosin

Front 36

What is the gene PET-1 responsible for?

Back 36

PET-1 is involved in production of 5 HT ( seratonin) which will limit aggression in adult mice.
PET-1 knockout mice displayed more aggressive investigation and behavior than wild-type

Front 37

What type of study compared the mating behaviors of 2 types of voles? What did they compare -- and what did they discover

Back 37

Larry young et al. used gene manipulation studies to show that monogamous voles have heavy loading of receptors of oxytosin and vasopression in reward areas . Unlike the promsicuous voles, who have fewer vasopressin receptors in the Forebrain.

When non-monogomous voles received gene manipulation of the V1a receptor, they displayed more monogamous behavior even in the presence of addition receptive females.

Front 38

what does vasopression do in voles?

Back 38

vasopressin is both necessary and sufficient for the formation of pair bonds in male prairie voles

Front 39

What did Tyron's breeding of rate intelligence show?

Back 39

Tyron had attempted to select for intelligence by breeding rats who could easily outrun a maze with other "good performing rats". However- he actually bred for a specific form of maze running ability-- not actually intelligence.

Front 40

How does the environment effect rat maze perfromance?

Back 40

The environment of the cage " restricted" - no toys or friends vs. normal vs enriched

Showed that all rats, no matter if they were " smart or dull", performed worse on the maze test after being raised in a restricted environment. Therefor the environment effects expression of gene/traits.