• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/127

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

127 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Battle of Pharsalus
-Caesar vs. Pompey
-Caesar had very few men and little supplies so shouldn't have won
-Pompey decided to attack instead of wait them out b/c senate wanted him to
-Caesar won decisive victory
-Pompey fled to Egypt -- killed right when he got to shore
What did Caesar offer after the battle of Pharsalus?
Mercy (clementia) to Pompey supporters who asked for it
Cleopatra
-Ptolemies wanted Caesar to decide who was going to rule
-After battle of Pharsalus, Caesar names her as ruler of Egypt
-She seduces Caesar and gives birth to Ptolemy Caesar
Pharnaces of Pontus
-Veni, Vidi, Vici = I came, I saw, I conquered
-Caesar defeats him
-Mithridates son
-Caesar wants Pontus back
What happened to Cato at Utica?
-He stabbed himself and committed suicide
-Remembered as a republican hero
-Didn't want to be captured by Caesar
Battle of Munda
-Bloodbath
-Caesar battles the Pompeians hiding in Spain
-only Sextus Pompey survived
-Caesar now controlled most of Mediterranean
What were Caesar's changes in Rome?
-Dealt with social matters (economic crisis)
-Reformed calendar
-Resetteled veterans in overseas colonies
-Limited grain dole
-Had provincial communities collect their own taxes
-Increased number of senators to 900
-Face on coins
-Worshipped as living god
What fears did people have of Caesar?
-That he wanted to be king
-The he would end the Republic and bring the monarchy back
Cicero
-From wealthy family in Roman municipia
-An equestrian, orator, politican, statesman
-Elected consul in 63
-New man
Catiline
-From patrician family in Rome, but not recently distinguished
-Supporter of Sulla
-Desperate to be consul
What happened in consular election of 63
-3 people on ballot = Cicero, Catiline, Antoninus
-Heated election
-Catiline mocked Cicero's origins and equestrian status
-Cicero attacked Catiline's populist agenda and turned conservatives against him
-Cicero and Antoninus won
Tabulae Novae
Universal cancellation of debt

-Catiline believed in this since debt such a serious issue
-He is in a ton of debt b/c ran for consul twice and lost both times
What does the conspiracy of Catiline denote
-felt he could not work through republican government to alleviate debt
-Sent Manlius to Etruria with recruits for an army and used other discontent people
-Cicero claimed there was an assassination attempt on his life and makes the senate pass a SCU after saying there are rumors of a conspiracy
-Letter from Etruria regarding an army being assembled read in the senate
-Catiline went to the senate to defend himself and called Cicero an immigrant
-Cicero bad mouthing him
What happened after the incident in the senate with Catiline and Cicero?
-Catiline left Rome b/c he didn't want to stir up strife, but letter received claiming that he tried to revolt b/c he was shut out of consulship
-Manlius claimed he was forced to take action b/c laws weren't protecting debtors
-Catiline and Manlius declared enemies of state
-Antoninus sent in pursuit of Catiline
Who were Catiline's supporters at Rome?
-Urban poor
-Victims of Sulla's proscriptions and confiscations
-Self-interested senators and tribunes
-Lentulus (senator)
Allobroges
-Approached as possible allies for Catiline b/c they had debt and were not getting help
-Decided to side with Optimates
-Reveal plot to Cicero
-Double-agents and collect written proof
What happened when Catiline conspirators were caught?
-Allobroges intercepted at Milvian Bridge by praetors and letters are handed over
-Lentulus arrested
-Lentulus and other high ranking officials executed
-Catiline died in battle
Cicero's Catilinarian Orations
-Originally delivered to senate and people
-Negative portrait of Catilne
-Cicero a hero
How many terms did Caesar have as consul
-Served 5 terms
-Kept making himself dictator to ensure his consular election victory
How was Caesar's relationship with the senate?
-Horrible
-Irreparable
How/why was Caesar killed?
-Lack of respect for all things republican
-Decided to make himself dictator for life
-Stabbed by contingent of senators led by Brutus and Cassius
-Echoes Romulus' murder by senate
The Ides of March
-44BC
-Senators kill Caesar
-Meet in room in theater of Pompey
Marc Antony
-Co-consul with Caesar
-Had much power when Caesar died
-Responsible for bringing reinforcements to Greece for Caesar during Pompey's defeat
-Used to be lieutenant
What did Marc Antony do after Caesar's death?
-Summoned the senate to make compromises
-No actions brought against his assassins
-All of Caesar's deeds ratifited
-Problem = people started to make fake deeds
What happened when Caesar's will was read aloud?
-Didn't want to be remembered as tyrant
-Left money and land to the people
-This angered the people and wanted the assassins to be enemies of the state
What happened after Caesar's will was read aloud?
-Brutus and Cassius driven out of Rome
-Cleopatra and Ptolemy Caesar return to Egypt b/c Ptolemy is a threat and possible heir to the throne
Octavian
-Caesar's grandnephew and adopted heir comes to Italy with Agrippa after Caesar's death and will is read aloud
-Antony loses supporters to Octavian, especially veterans
Why was Cicero mad with Antony?
-Thought he would restore senatorial authority -- didn't
-Unhappy with Antony's efforts to position himself as Caesar's political heir
Philippics
Cicero's speeches against Antony
Mutina
-Antony left Rome to take command in Cisalpine Gaul
-Governor refused to leave
-Antony sets siege to the province so governor will give up
-Cicero aligns with Octavian
-Cicero persuades senate and consuls to support Octavian
-43 = Liberation of Mutina
-Antony and Cicero killed
Antony after Mutina
-Joined forces with Lepidus who controlled Roman army
-Lepidus renounced loyalties to the senate
Octavian after Mutina
-Insisted he be elected consul
-Senate refused and he marched on Rome (has lots of troops)
-Senate named Octavian control -- realizes they don't have enough power
-Cassius, Brutus, and Sextus named enemies of the state
-Octavian attempts to reconcile with Antony and Lepidus
The Second Triumvirate
-Antony, Lepidus, Octavian
- 5 year term - had legal grounding
-Authority to make laws without senate and Roman people - no apeals
-Right to nominate all magistrates
How did the Second Triumvirate divide up the Roman territories?
-Antony --> Gaul (very important)
-Lepidus --> Spain (less important)
-Octavian --> Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia (bread basket)
Battle of Philippi
-Deification of Julius Caesar by senate
-Octavian and Antony met Brutus and Cassius in Macedonia
-Brutus and Cassius commit suicide
-Victory owed to Antony's military prowess
What is the symbolic end of the Republic?
The suicides of Brutus and Cassius
Proscription of Cicero
-Cicero added to list by Antony
-Octavian did not object
Pact of Brundisium
-Reconciliation, sealed by the marriage of Antony to Octavia
-Because Octavian took over Antony's province of Gaul
Sextus Pompey
-Negotiated treaty with Octavian
-Had been declared enemy of the state under Octavian
-Interest in treaty that would keep him under control
-Married to Scribonia
-Waged successful wars in Naples,Messina
-Octavian needed Antony's support
-Defeated and executed
Lepidus after defeat of Sextus Pompey
-Tried to seize power from Octavian
-Demanded that Sextus' troops surrender to him rather than Octavian
-Octavian objected and entered Lepidus' camp and appealed to the troops
-Realized that if he let's it just happen - looks weak
-Lepidus removed from Triuvirate and sent into exile
Problems with Antony in the east after Philippi
-Needs money for troops from Philippi
-Looking for land to settle veterans
-Dealing with disloyal rulers who sided with Brutus and Cassius
-Parthian campaigns to get standards back
Antony's women
-Married to Fulvia
-Affair with Cleopatra - has thee kids total
-Marries Octavia when Fulvia dies and has two kids with her
End of the Triuvirate
-Open conflict, empire being split into east and west
-Parthians defeat Antony - he lost 1/3 of his army
-Octavian launches propoganda war against Antony
Caesarion
-Declared legitimate heir of Caesar
-Threat to Octavian
-Octavian is adopted heir to Caesar
-Octavian uses this as proof of Antony's intention to install Cleopatra as queen of Rome -- going to turn Rome into province of Egypt
What did Octavian seize from the Vestal Virgins and why?
-Antony's will and he publicized it
-Wanted to instill fear and stir up hostility against Antony
-Will sets up his 3 kids by Cleopatra as heirs
-Octavian declares war against Cleopatra
Why does Octavian declare war against Cleopatra?
Because no it is a foreign war, not a civil war against Antony
Actium
-Sea battle
-Skirmish, no clear resolution
-Octavian set up blockade
-Antony and Cleopatra escape blockade and make their way separately to Alexandria
-Their fleets and soldiers surrender to Octavian
Why do Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide?
-Antony because he heard Cleopatra had done so herself and his fleet deserted him for Octavian
-Cleopatra because her life was spared but she killed herself so as not to be captured
Why did Octavian kill Ptolemy Caesar?
-He was proclaimed Pharaoh of Egypt
-Threat to Octavian because he was Caesar's natural son
Auctoritas ("authority") vs Imperium ("power")
Princeps (leading man) vs imperator (emperor)

-Octavian ruled by Imperium
Augustus
=Octavian
-Called himself Princeps as a way of trying to break with his past
Maius Imperium
= Greater power
-Augustus accepts this
Tribunicia Potestas
Tribunician power
-Defender of Roman plebeians
-can summon senate
-sacrosanct
First Constitutional Settlement
-Restoration of Republic
-Octavian handed back all authority to the senate but agreed to remain consul and govern several provinces
Second Constitutional Settlement
-Need to create more formal, legal authority for Augustus' rule
-Resigned consulship but retained command of provinces
Pontifex Maximus
-Chief priest, religious role
-Augustus took it on after Lepidus died
Pater Patriae
-Father of the father land
-Symbolic title
-Aligned him with other republicans
-Set him up as defender of the Republic
Political changes under Augustus
-Conducted censuses of senate -- appoints himself as censor, removes unworthy members, instituted a minimum wealth requirement, returns it to 600 people
-Enforced Sulla's regulations regarding cursus honorum
-Allowed free elections, but recommended people
-Required consuls to resign after 6 months
Equestrians under Augustus
-Augustus employed their business expertise, especially in property management and court proceedings in provinces
-Less threatening b/c did not have senatorial ambitions
Augustan changes in the military
-Career/voluntary, no draft
-Fixed term - 20 years +5 in reserves
-Marriage not permitted
-Fixed payment upon honorable discharge (13 years pay)
-No increase pay/bribe for soldiers
-Personal guard and commanders got increase in pay
-Now serving state and state is paying you
What was the big benefit of expanding the empire?
Expansion of tax base
How did Augustus manage the Parthians?
Through diplomacy rather than force

-negotiated the return of the standards in 20BC
Where did push backs of peace come from during Augutus' reign?
-The north
-Germanic tribes
-Varus was ambushed and Germanic tribes took his standards and massacred his legions
How did Augustus present himself to people?
-Coinage, statues, busts, temples
-Written decrees and public inscriptions
-If he couldn't physically be present, then an image of him would be somewhere close
-People worshipped him only with the goddess Roma (avoid accusations of being a God)
-Seen as someone who's ushered in a new Golden Age
Golden Age
Era of primordial peace, harmony, stability, and prosperity
-No labor, no trade, no work -- everything happens naturally
-Augustus convinced people they were in a Golden Age
Golden Age Values
-Pax = Peace
-Concordia = harmony
-Pietas = devotion to family and country
-Mos maiorum = respect for tradition
-Iustitia = justice
-Libertas = freedom, especially of peace
-Religio = respect for religion
Significance of "I found a city of brick and left a city of marble"
-Augustus undertook restoration of temples and public buildings
-temples especially
-Finished projects planned by Julius Caesar (Senate house)
New construction that Augustus did
-Temple of Apollo on Palatine hill
-Aqueducts and sewers needed to be redone and new ones set in place b/c of Rome population explosion and they were vastly outdated
Urban Patronage
-Elite and people with money would dedicate temples/buildings for the community
-Way of accruing things for their family while doing a communal good
-Augustus guarded right to sponsor construction
Theater of Marcellus
-Built to rival Pompey
-Allowed to be dedicated by Augustus' son, Marcellus
Agrippa
-Made aedile (oversaw public works)
-Put in charge of repairing existing aqueducts and adding new ones
-Remained, informally, as curator aquarum for lifetime
-Constructed 3 new aqueducts
What happened after Augustus's death?
-Cremated near Mausoleum, ashes interred
-Divinized
Most important parts of Augustus's legacy
-Principate is a form of government that replaced the Republic
-Extensive building in Rome and provinces
-System of taxation -- Direct taxes in provinces
-Month Sextilis renamed August
Tiberius
-Delivered Augustus' funeral eulogy
-Senate confirmed him as Princeps
-Murdered Postumus Agrippa to prevent him from coming to Rome and challenging Tiberius
Postumus Agrippa
Grandson of Augustus
-murdered because possible challenger to Tiberius' Princeps title
-Augustus recognized that most important thing was a peaceful transfer of power
Julia-Claudian Emperors
-Augustan's family
-Tiberius - first of the 4 Julia-Claudian emperors
How did Tiberius rule?
-Spent much time away from Rome
-Didn't sponsor many building projects, mainly b/c Augustus had used all the money
-After big fire, did not spend money to rebuild
Sejanus and Praetorian guard
-Praetorian guard established under Augustus -- stationed outside of Rome, no real threat, small number
-Sejanus prefect under Tiberius, exercised substantial power -- 24 hour palace guard
Caligula
-Little boots
-Direct descendent of Augustus
-Named one of Tiberius' heirs in his will
How was Caligula's start of his reign?
-Good
-Restored senatorial authority
-Reinstituted spectacles
-Created new courts to deal with backlog of cases
-Distributed money and undertook new construction and public works
Why did Caligula have a decline?
-Become outrageous -- performed
-Dressed as various gods in public
-Deified his sister
-Planned to make his horse a consul
-Assassinated by praetorian guard
Claudius
-Uncle of Caligula
-Named Princeps by Praetorian guard after death of Caligula
-Scholar
-Lame and partially deaf
Claudius's reign
-Range of public projects to improve life for Romans
-Weakened power of praetorian guard
-Alienated senate (they favored restoring the republic)
-Freedmen played central role
-Expanded empire (Britain)
-Regularized grain supply in winter
Nero
-Claudius' successor (Britannicus too young)
-Married Caludius' daughter
Britannicus
-Threat to Nero
-Not Claudius' successor b/c too young
-Killed
Murder of Agrippina
-Cover up in Rome
-Tried to kill her with faulty boat
-She escaped and swam away
-Nero sent praetorian guard to kill her
Octavia
-Married to Nero
-He divorced her and sent her to exile
-People of Rome mad so he kills her
-Marries his adulteress, Poppaea
Great Fire of 64
-Burned for 6 ays
-Only 4 districts spared
-Many Romans displaced -- economic crisis
-Nero accused of taking land for construction of a new imperial palace
Pisonian Conspiracy
-Plot led by senators to overthrow Nero
-Failed
-No real organization
-Forced suicide of Seneca (slit his wrists)
-Nero used this as an excuse to get rid of people that disagree with him
Vindex
-Governor of Gallic heritage
-Started rebellion
-Commits suicide (doesn't want to be paraded)
Verginius Rufus
-Sent by Nero to stop the Vindex rebellion
-Negotiated treaty and then attacked
Vindex Rebellion
-Starts because mad at Nero's high taxes to pay for costly rebuilding efforts from the fire
-Attached Rufus after treaty negotiated
-Vindex commits suicide
-Nero has sole consulship and arches on Gaul -- plan to cry and enemy would surrender
Nero's death
-Declared enemy of the state by the senate
-Galba declared emperor
-Nero tried to escape
-Has reluctant suicide
What is Nero's legacy?
-Some people celebrated that they were free from tyranny
-Others remained loyal (especially popular in the Greek East)
-Deified
-Stories that he hadn't actually died
Galba
-Suceeded Nero as emperor
-Anti-Nero
-Kiled some of Nero supporters
-Overthrown by Otho with aid of praetorian guard
-Publically killed
Vitellus
-Declared emperor by troops in Rhine after praetorian guard killed Galba
-Defeated Otho
-Become emperor
-Defeated by troops in Pannonia (Vespasian)
Otho
-Overthrew Galba
-Encouraged identification with Nero
-Defeated by Vitellus
-Committed suicide
Vespasian
-Equestrian origin
-Declared emperor by troops in Judea
-Prefect of Egypt and troops in Pannonia support
-Marches on Rome after defeats Vitellus
-Senate declares him emperor
Main problem when Vespasian first in office
Unclear who had final power
-Competition between the senate, Roman people, praetorian guard, and troops as to who appointed the emperor
Difference between Nero and Vespasian
-Vespasian had no problem coming out and saying his sons would be his heir
-Nero did so in a much more subtle way
Difference between Vespasian and the Flavian dynasty and Augustus/Julio-Claudians
-Institutionalization of the Principate -- Vespasian's emperor authority was legalized
-Augustus and Julio-Claudians ruled on fact that they "just had more power than anyone else"
-Vespasian adopted title of Imperator rather than Princeps
Jewish Revolt
-Guerilla tactics by Jewish forces complicated by internal conflict between different Jewish sects
-Titus stormed Jerusalem, destroyed temple
-Pockets of resistance remained
-Jewish population decimated
How did Rome deal with local revolts of legions (Jewish revolt)?
Stationed recruits outside of their homeland
-Only recruiting Roman citizens
Quintilian
First paid professorship in Rome
Titus
-Oldest son of Vespasian
-Successor of Vespasian
-Vesuvius happened right after after he took office
-80 = Great fire again
-Died and never groomed a successor
Domitian
-Brother of Titus
-Declared emperor despite little experience in military or administrative affairs
-like Nero
-Alienated senate
-Took title Dominus et Deus (lord and god)
-Wore triumphal outfit in senate
How/Why was Domitian killed?
-Seized power for imperial court
-Ignored senate and equestrians
-Became increasingly paranoid
-Assassinated by conspiracy of the Praetorian prefect
-Stabbed in groin
Damnatio memoriae
-Entire life is erased
-Domitian's names, plaques, statues all erased
Nerva
-Proclaimed emperor by senate after Domitian's assassination
- 1st of 5 good emperors
What did Nerva establish?
-Child support system (alimenta)
Aqueducts
-Crucial for urbanization of the Roman Empire
-Carried in potable water
-Good for crop irrigation
Waste Disposal Options
-Rivers (small cities)
-Cesspits - dug in ground
-Dung Heaps - above ground
Public latrines
-Public toilets
-Unisex
-Circular
Modes of Wiping
-Stick with sea sponge
-Water Jugs
-Papyrus, Shells, potsherds
Wealthy and private latrines
-Pee pots
-Commodes
-Sewage lines
Economy of Ordure
-Urine used for fertilizer, antiseptic, dying
-Feces for fertilizer
Trajan
-Good relations with senate and military
-Rejected dominus et dues
-Rules as Princeps
-Wants to be a "loving parent" to all Romans
Trajan's main activities
-Veteran colonies (based on military camp)
-Continued alimenta (wanted to increase birth rates)
-Funded public buildings and works (Forum of Trajan, bridges and roads, markets of Trajan)
Dacian wars
-Part of Trajan's extensive military campaigns
-exploited massive mineral wealth
-Lots of slaves
When did the empire reach its greatest size
Under Trajan
How did Trajan deal with provinces?
-Continued to be self-governing
-Appointed caretakers to manage specific problems and report to him
Hadrian
-Selected by Trajan as his successor
-Adopted
-Adopted Antoninus Pius as his heir
-Ties to Gaul and Spain
Antoninus pius
-Adopted by Hadrian
-Adopted Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus
Hadrian's foreign policies
-Focused on consolidation, not expansion
-Issue = how to manage all the new territories
-Withdrew Roman forces from the most remote locations
-Traveled all around territories - not just statues
The Jewish Revolt under Hadrian
-During Hadrian's travels in Roman territories in East, stopped in Jerusalem
-Set up veteran colony there
-Prohibited practice of circumcision
-Jewish Revolted (Bar Kokhba War)
-Devasted Jewish population in Judaea
Hadrian's death
-Become very depressed
-Attempted suicide several times
-Died in town of Baiae
Marcus Aurelius
-Succeeded Antoninus Pius along with Lucius
-Married Faustina, Antoninus' daughter
-Last of the 5 good emperors
-Ruled with Lucius
-Reluctant to become emperor