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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Battle of Pharsalus
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-Caesar vs. Pompey
-Caesar had very few men and little supplies so shouldn't have won -Pompey decided to attack instead of wait them out b/c senate wanted him to -Caesar won decisive victory -Pompey fled to Egypt -- killed right when he got to shore |
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What did Caesar offer after the battle of Pharsalus?
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Mercy (clementia) to Pompey supporters who asked for it
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Cleopatra
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-Ptolemies wanted Caesar to decide who was going to rule
-After battle of Pharsalus, Caesar names her as ruler of Egypt -She seduces Caesar and gives birth to Ptolemy Caesar |
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Pharnaces of Pontus
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-Veni, Vidi, Vici = I came, I saw, I conquered
-Caesar defeats him -Mithridates son -Caesar wants Pontus back |
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What happened to Cato at Utica?
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-He stabbed himself and committed suicide
-Remembered as a republican hero -Didn't want to be captured by Caesar |
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Battle of Munda
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-Bloodbath
-Caesar battles the Pompeians hiding in Spain -only Sextus Pompey survived -Caesar now controlled most of Mediterranean |
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What were Caesar's changes in Rome?
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-Dealt with social matters (economic crisis)
-Reformed calendar -Resetteled veterans in overseas colonies -Limited grain dole -Had provincial communities collect their own taxes -Increased number of senators to 900 -Face on coins -Worshipped as living god |
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What fears did people have of Caesar?
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-That he wanted to be king
-The he would end the Republic and bring the monarchy back |
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Cicero
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-From wealthy family in Roman municipia
-An equestrian, orator, politican, statesman -Elected consul in 63 -New man |
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Catiline
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-From patrician family in Rome, but not recently distinguished
-Supporter of Sulla -Desperate to be consul |
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What happened in consular election of 63
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-3 people on ballot = Cicero, Catiline, Antoninus
-Heated election -Catiline mocked Cicero's origins and equestrian status -Cicero attacked Catiline's populist agenda and turned conservatives against him -Cicero and Antoninus won |
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Tabulae Novae
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Universal cancellation of debt
-Catiline believed in this since debt such a serious issue -He is in a ton of debt b/c ran for consul twice and lost both times |
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What does the conspiracy of Catiline denote
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-felt he could not work through republican government to alleviate debt
-Sent Manlius to Etruria with recruits for an army and used other discontent people -Cicero claimed there was an assassination attempt on his life and makes the senate pass a SCU after saying there are rumors of a conspiracy -Letter from Etruria regarding an army being assembled read in the senate -Catiline went to the senate to defend himself and called Cicero an immigrant -Cicero bad mouthing him |
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What happened after the incident in the senate with Catiline and Cicero?
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-Catiline left Rome b/c he didn't want to stir up strife, but letter received claiming that he tried to revolt b/c he was shut out of consulship
-Manlius claimed he was forced to take action b/c laws weren't protecting debtors -Catiline and Manlius declared enemies of state -Antoninus sent in pursuit of Catiline |
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Who were Catiline's supporters at Rome?
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-Urban poor
-Victims of Sulla's proscriptions and confiscations -Self-interested senators and tribunes -Lentulus (senator) |
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Allobroges
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-Approached as possible allies for Catiline b/c they had debt and were not getting help
-Decided to side with Optimates -Reveal plot to Cicero -Double-agents and collect written proof |
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What happened when Catiline conspirators were caught?
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-Allobroges intercepted at Milvian Bridge by praetors and letters are handed over
-Lentulus arrested -Lentulus and other high ranking officials executed -Catiline died in battle |
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Cicero's Catilinarian Orations
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-Originally delivered to senate and people
-Negative portrait of Catilne -Cicero a hero |
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How many terms did Caesar have as consul
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-Served 5 terms
-Kept making himself dictator to ensure his consular election victory |
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How was Caesar's relationship with the senate?
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-Horrible
-Irreparable |
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How/why was Caesar killed?
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-Lack of respect for all things republican
-Decided to make himself dictator for life -Stabbed by contingent of senators led by Brutus and Cassius -Echoes Romulus' murder by senate |
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The Ides of March
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-44BC
-Senators kill Caesar -Meet in room in theater of Pompey |
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Marc Antony
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-Co-consul with Caesar
-Had much power when Caesar died -Responsible for bringing reinforcements to Greece for Caesar during Pompey's defeat -Used to be lieutenant |
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What did Marc Antony do after Caesar's death?
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-Summoned the senate to make compromises
-No actions brought against his assassins -All of Caesar's deeds ratifited -Problem = people started to make fake deeds |
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What happened when Caesar's will was read aloud?
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-Didn't want to be remembered as tyrant
-Left money and land to the people -This angered the people and wanted the assassins to be enemies of the state |
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What happened after Caesar's will was read aloud?
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-Brutus and Cassius driven out of Rome
-Cleopatra and Ptolemy Caesar return to Egypt b/c Ptolemy is a threat and possible heir to the throne |
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Octavian
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-Caesar's grandnephew and adopted heir comes to Italy with Agrippa after Caesar's death and will is read aloud
-Antony loses supporters to Octavian, especially veterans |
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Why was Cicero mad with Antony?
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-Thought he would restore senatorial authority -- didn't
-Unhappy with Antony's efforts to position himself as Caesar's political heir |
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Philippics
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Cicero's speeches against Antony
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Mutina
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-Antony left Rome to take command in Cisalpine Gaul
-Governor refused to leave -Antony sets siege to the province so governor will give up -Cicero aligns with Octavian -Cicero persuades senate and consuls to support Octavian -43 = Liberation of Mutina -Antony and Cicero killed |
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Antony after Mutina
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-Joined forces with Lepidus who controlled Roman army
-Lepidus renounced loyalties to the senate |
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Octavian after Mutina
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-Insisted he be elected consul
-Senate refused and he marched on Rome (has lots of troops) -Senate named Octavian control -- realizes they don't have enough power -Cassius, Brutus, and Sextus named enemies of the state -Octavian attempts to reconcile with Antony and Lepidus |
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The Second Triumvirate
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-Antony, Lepidus, Octavian
- 5 year term - had legal grounding -Authority to make laws without senate and Roman people - no apeals -Right to nominate all magistrates |
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How did the Second Triumvirate divide up the Roman territories?
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-Antony --> Gaul (very important)
-Lepidus --> Spain (less important) -Octavian --> Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia (bread basket) |
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Battle of Philippi
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-Deification of Julius Caesar by senate
-Octavian and Antony met Brutus and Cassius in Macedonia -Brutus and Cassius commit suicide -Victory owed to Antony's military prowess |
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What is the symbolic end of the Republic?
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The suicides of Brutus and Cassius
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Proscription of Cicero
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-Cicero added to list by Antony
-Octavian did not object |
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Pact of Brundisium
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-Reconciliation, sealed by the marriage of Antony to Octavia
-Because Octavian took over Antony's province of Gaul |
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Sextus Pompey
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-Negotiated treaty with Octavian
-Had been declared enemy of the state under Octavian -Interest in treaty that would keep him under control -Married to Scribonia -Waged successful wars in Naples,Messina -Octavian needed Antony's support -Defeated and executed |
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Lepidus after defeat of Sextus Pompey
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-Tried to seize power from Octavian
-Demanded that Sextus' troops surrender to him rather than Octavian -Octavian objected and entered Lepidus' camp and appealed to the troops -Realized that if he let's it just happen - looks weak -Lepidus removed from Triuvirate and sent into exile |
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Problems with Antony in the east after Philippi
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-Needs money for troops from Philippi
-Looking for land to settle veterans -Dealing with disloyal rulers who sided with Brutus and Cassius -Parthian campaigns to get standards back |
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Antony's women
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-Married to Fulvia
-Affair with Cleopatra - has thee kids total -Marries Octavia when Fulvia dies and has two kids with her |
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End of the Triuvirate
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-Open conflict, empire being split into east and west
-Parthians defeat Antony - he lost 1/3 of his army -Octavian launches propoganda war against Antony |
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Caesarion
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-Declared legitimate heir of Caesar
-Threat to Octavian -Octavian is adopted heir to Caesar -Octavian uses this as proof of Antony's intention to install Cleopatra as queen of Rome -- going to turn Rome into province of Egypt |
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What did Octavian seize from the Vestal Virgins and why?
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-Antony's will and he publicized it
-Wanted to instill fear and stir up hostility against Antony -Will sets up his 3 kids by Cleopatra as heirs -Octavian declares war against Cleopatra |
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Why does Octavian declare war against Cleopatra?
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Because no it is a foreign war, not a civil war against Antony
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Actium
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-Sea battle
-Skirmish, no clear resolution -Octavian set up blockade -Antony and Cleopatra escape blockade and make their way separately to Alexandria -Their fleets and soldiers surrender to Octavian |
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Why do Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide?
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-Antony because he heard Cleopatra had done so herself and his fleet deserted him for Octavian
-Cleopatra because her life was spared but she killed herself so as not to be captured |
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Why did Octavian kill Ptolemy Caesar?
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-He was proclaimed Pharaoh of Egypt
-Threat to Octavian because he was Caesar's natural son |
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Auctoritas ("authority") vs Imperium ("power")
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Princeps (leading man) vs imperator (emperor)
-Octavian ruled by Imperium |
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Augustus
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=Octavian
-Called himself Princeps as a way of trying to break with his past |
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Maius Imperium
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= Greater power
-Augustus accepts this |
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Tribunicia Potestas
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Tribunician power
-Defender of Roman plebeians -can summon senate -sacrosanct |
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First Constitutional Settlement
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-Restoration of Republic
-Octavian handed back all authority to the senate but agreed to remain consul and govern several provinces |
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Second Constitutional Settlement
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-Need to create more formal, legal authority for Augustus' rule
-Resigned consulship but retained command of provinces |
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Pontifex Maximus
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-Chief priest, religious role
-Augustus took it on after Lepidus died |
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Pater Patriae
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-Father of the father land
-Symbolic title -Aligned him with other republicans -Set him up as defender of the Republic |
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Political changes under Augustus
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-Conducted censuses of senate -- appoints himself as censor, removes unworthy members, instituted a minimum wealth requirement, returns it to 600 people
-Enforced Sulla's regulations regarding cursus honorum -Allowed free elections, but recommended people -Required consuls to resign after 6 months |
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Equestrians under Augustus
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-Augustus employed their business expertise, especially in property management and court proceedings in provinces
-Less threatening b/c did not have senatorial ambitions |
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Augustan changes in the military
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-Career/voluntary, no draft
-Fixed term - 20 years +5 in reserves -Marriage not permitted -Fixed payment upon honorable discharge (13 years pay) -No increase pay/bribe for soldiers -Personal guard and commanders got increase in pay -Now serving state and state is paying you |
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What was the big benefit of expanding the empire?
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Expansion of tax base
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How did Augustus manage the Parthians?
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Through diplomacy rather than force
-negotiated the return of the standards in 20BC |
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Where did push backs of peace come from during Augutus' reign?
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-The north
-Germanic tribes -Varus was ambushed and Germanic tribes took his standards and massacred his legions |
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How did Augustus present himself to people?
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-Coinage, statues, busts, temples
-Written decrees and public inscriptions -If he couldn't physically be present, then an image of him would be somewhere close -People worshipped him only with the goddess Roma (avoid accusations of being a God) -Seen as someone who's ushered in a new Golden Age |
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Golden Age
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Era of primordial peace, harmony, stability, and prosperity
-No labor, no trade, no work -- everything happens naturally -Augustus convinced people they were in a Golden Age |
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Golden Age Values
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-Pax = Peace
-Concordia = harmony -Pietas = devotion to family and country -Mos maiorum = respect for tradition -Iustitia = justice -Libertas = freedom, especially of peace -Religio = respect for religion |
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Significance of "I found a city of brick and left a city of marble"
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-Augustus undertook restoration of temples and public buildings
-temples especially -Finished projects planned by Julius Caesar (Senate house) |
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New construction that Augustus did
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-Temple of Apollo on Palatine hill
-Aqueducts and sewers needed to be redone and new ones set in place b/c of Rome population explosion and they were vastly outdated |
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Urban Patronage
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-Elite and people with money would dedicate temples/buildings for the community
-Way of accruing things for their family while doing a communal good -Augustus guarded right to sponsor construction |
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Theater of Marcellus
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-Built to rival Pompey
-Allowed to be dedicated by Augustus' son, Marcellus |
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Agrippa
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-Made aedile (oversaw public works)
-Put in charge of repairing existing aqueducts and adding new ones -Remained, informally, as curator aquarum for lifetime -Constructed 3 new aqueducts |
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What happened after Augustus's death?
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-Cremated near Mausoleum, ashes interred
-Divinized |
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Most important parts of Augustus's legacy
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-Principate is a form of government that replaced the Republic
-Extensive building in Rome and provinces -System of taxation -- Direct taxes in provinces -Month Sextilis renamed August |
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Tiberius
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-Delivered Augustus' funeral eulogy
-Senate confirmed him as Princeps -Murdered Postumus Agrippa to prevent him from coming to Rome and challenging Tiberius |
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Postumus Agrippa
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Grandson of Augustus
-murdered because possible challenger to Tiberius' Princeps title -Augustus recognized that most important thing was a peaceful transfer of power |
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Julia-Claudian Emperors
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-Augustan's family
-Tiberius - first of the 4 Julia-Claudian emperors |
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How did Tiberius rule?
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-Spent much time away from Rome
-Didn't sponsor many building projects, mainly b/c Augustus had used all the money -After big fire, did not spend money to rebuild |
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Sejanus and Praetorian guard
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-Praetorian guard established under Augustus -- stationed outside of Rome, no real threat, small number
-Sejanus prefect under Tiberius, exercised substantial power -- 24 hour palace guard |
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Caligula
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-Little boots
-Direct descendent of Augustus -Named one of Tiberius' heirs in his will |
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How was Caligula's start of his reign?
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-Good
-Restored senatorial authority -Reinstituted spectacles -Created new courts to deal with backlog of cases -Distributed money and undertook new construction and public works |
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Why did Caligula have a decline?
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-Become outrageous -- performed
-Dressed as various gods in public -Deified his sister -Planned to make his horse a consul -Assassinated by praetorian guard |
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Claudius
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-Uncle of Caligula
-Named Princeps by Praetorian guard after death of Caligula -Scholar -Lame and partially deaf |
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Claudius's reign
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-Range of public projects to improve life for Romans
-Weakened power of praetorian guard -Alienated senate (they favored restoring the republic) -Freedmen played central role -Expanded empire (Britain) -Regularized grain supply in winter |
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Nero
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-Claudius' successor (Britannicus too young)
-Married Caludius' daughter |
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Britannicus
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-Threat to Nero
-Not Claudius' successor b/c too young -Killed |
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Murder of Agrippina
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-Cover up in Rome
-Tried to kill her with faulty boat -She escaped and swam away -Nero sent praetorian guard to kill her |
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Octavia
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-Married to Nero
-He divorced her and sent her to exile -People of Rome mad so he kills her -Marries his adulteress, Poppaea |
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Great Fire of 64
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-Burned for 6 ays
-Only 4 districts spared -Many Romans displaced -- economic crisis -Nero accused of taking land for construction of a new imperial palace |
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Pisonian Conspiracy
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-Plot led by senators to overthrow Nero
-Failed -No real organization -Forced suicide of Seneca (slit his wrists) -Nero used this as an excuse to get rid of people that disagree with him |
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Vindex
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-Governor of Gallic heritage
-Started rebellion -Commits suicide (doesn't want to be paraded) |
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Verginius Rufus
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-Sent by Nero to stop the Vindex rebellion
-Negotiated treaty and then attacked |
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Vindex Rebellion
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-Starts because mad at Nero's high taxes to pay for costly rebuilding efforts from the fire
-Attached Rufus after treaty negotiated -Vindex commits suicide -Nero has sole consulship and arches on Gaul -- plan to cry and enemy would surrender |
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Nero's death
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-Declared enemy of the state by the senate
-Galba declared emperor -Nero tried to escape -Has reluctant suicide |
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What is Nero's legacy?
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-Some people celebrated that they were free from tyranny
-Others remained loyal (especially popular in the Greek East) -Deified -Stories that he hadn't actually died |
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Galba
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-Suceeded Nero as emperor
-Anti-Nero -Kiled some of Nero supporters -Overthrown by Otho with aid of praetorian guard -Publically killed |
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Vitellus
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-Declared emperor by troops in Rhine after praetorian guard killed Galba
-Defeated Otho -Become emperor -Defeated by troops in Pannonia (Vespasian) |
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Otho
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-Overthrew Galba
-Encouraged identification with Nero -Defeated by Vitellus -Committed suicide |
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Vespasian
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-Equestrian origin
-Declared emperor by troops in Judea -Prefect of Egypt and troops in Pannonia support -Marches on Rome after defeats Vitellus -Senate declares him emperor |
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Main problem when Vespasian first in office
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Unclear who had final power
-Competition between the senate, Roman people, praetorian guard, and troops as to who appointed the emperor |
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Difference between Nero and Vespasian
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-Vespasian had no problem coming out and saying his sons would be his heir
-Nero did so in a much more subtle way |
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Difference between Vespasian and the Flavian dynasty and Augustus/Julio-Claudians
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-Institutionalization of the Principate -- Vespasian's emperor authority was legalized
-Augustus and Julio-Claudians ruled on fact that they "just had more power than anyone else" -Vespasian adopted title of Imperator rather than Princeps |
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Jewish Revolt
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-Guerilla tactics by Jewish forces complicated by internal conflict between different Jewish sects
-Titus stormed Jerusalem, destroyed temple -Pockets of resistance remained -Jewish population decimated |
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How did Rome deal with local revolts of legions (Jewish revolt)?
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Stationed recruits outside of their homeland
-Only recruiting Roman citizens |
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Quintilian
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First paid professorship in Rome
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Titus
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-Oldest son of Vespasian
-Successor of Vespasian -Vesuvius happened right after after he took office -80 = Great fire again -Died and never groomed a successor |
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Domitian
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-Brother of Titus
-Declared emperor despite little experience in military or administrative affairs -like Nero -Alienated senate -Took title Dominus et Deus (lord and god) -Wore triumphal outfit in senate |
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How/Why was Domitian killed?
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-Seized power for imperial court
-Ignored senate and equestrians -Became increasingly paranoid -Assassinated by conspiracy of the Praetorian prefect -Stabbed in groin |
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Damnatio memoriae
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-Entire life is erased
-Domitian's names, plaques, statues all erased |
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Nerva
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-Proclaimed emperor by senate after Domitian's assassination
- 1st of 5 good emperors |
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What did Nerva establish?
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-Child support system (alimenta)
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Aqueducts
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-Crucial for urbanization of the Roman Empire
-Carried in potable water -Good for crop irrigation |
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Waste Disposal Options
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-Rivers (small cities)
-Cesspits - dug in ground -Dung Heaps - above ground |
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Public latrines
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-Public toilets
-Unisex -Circular |
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Modes of Wiping
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-Stick with sea sponge
-Water Jugs -Papyrus, Shells, potsherds |
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Wealthy and private latrines
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-Pee pots
-Commodes -Sewage lines |
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Economy of Ordure
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-Urine used for fertilizer, antiseptic, dying
-Feces for fertilizer |
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Trajan
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-Good relations with senate and military
-Rejected dominus et dues -Rules as Princeps -Wants to be a "loving parent" to all Romans |
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Trajan's main activities
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-Veteran colonies (based on military camp)
-Continued alimenta (wanted to increase birth rates) -Funded public buildings and works (Forum of Trajan, bridges and roads, markets of Trajan) |
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Dacian wars
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-Part of Trajan's extensive military campaigns
-exploited massive mineral wealth -Lots of slaves |
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When did the empire reach its greatest size
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Under Trajan
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How did Trajan deal with provinces?
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-Continued to be self-governing
-Appointed caretakers to manage specific problems and report to him |
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Hadrian
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-Selected by Trajan as his successor
-Adopted -Adopted Antoninus Pius as his heir -Ties to Gaul and Spain |
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Antoninus pius
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-Adopted by Hadrian
-Adopted Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus |
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Hadrian's foreign policies
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-Focused on consolidation, not expansion
-Issue = how to manage all the new territories -Withdrew Roman forces from the most remote locations -Traveled all around territories - not just statues |
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The Jewish Revolt under Hadrian
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-During Hadrian's travels in Roman territories in East, stopped in Jerusalem
-Set up veteran colony there -Prohibited practice of circumcision -Jewish Revolted (Bar Kokhba War) -Devasted Jewish population in Judaea |
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Hadrian's death
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-Become very depressed
-Attempted suicide several times -Died in town of Baiae |
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Marcus Aurelius
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-Succeeded Antoninus Pius along with Lucius
-Married Faustina, Antoninus' daughter -Last of the 5 good emperors -Ruled with Lucius -Reluctant to become emperor |