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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Blood is classified as what in the body?
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A connective tissue
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Components of blood
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Living cells (formed elements) and Non-living matrix (plasma)
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What are formed elements?
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Cells and platelets in blood
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What does centrifuged blood look like?
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RBCs sinkk to bottom, buffy coat in the middle, and Plasma rises to the top
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Buffy Coat
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A whitish thin layer between the RBCs and Plasma in centrifuged blood. Composed of Leukocytes and platelets
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Hematocrit
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Percent of red blood cells by volume
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Erythrocytes
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Red Blood Cells
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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Physical Characteristics of Blood
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1. Color range
2. pH must remain between 7.35-7.45 3. Blood temp. is 100.4 4. Blood volume is 5-6 liters 5.Blood makes up 8% of body weight |
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Color range of blood
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Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red, oxygen poor blood is dull red
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Blood plasma composition
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90% water, nutrients, salts, gasses, hormones, proteins, waste products
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Function of nutrients in plasma
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small molecules used for building blocks and energy blocks
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Salts (electrolytes) in plasma
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Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, bicarbonate, and Chloride
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Respiratory gasses in plasma
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Small amount of Oxygen, Large amount of Carbon Dioxide
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Plasma Protein characteristics
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Most abundant solutes in plasma, made by the liver,
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Types of plasma proteins
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Albumin, clotting proteins, antibodies
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Albumin
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Plasma protein that regulates osmotic pressure, carries lipids
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Clotting Proteins
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Found in plasma, help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
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Antibodies
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Found in plasma, help protect the body from pathogens
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Osmotic pressure of blood
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Keeps water in plasma rather then losing water to tissues
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Waste products in plasma
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Urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine. Produced constantly, end up excreted in urine
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Fibrinogen
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most common clotting protein
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Globulin
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Most common antibody
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Acidosis
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When blood becomes too acidic (helps restore blood pH to normal when it becomes too basic)
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Alkalosis
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Blood becomes too basic (helps restore blood pH to normal when it becomes too acidic)
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Function of erythrocytes
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main function is to carry oxygen
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Anatomy of erythrocytes
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Biconcave disks, essentially bags of hemoglobin, no nucleus (lost during development), contain very few organelles
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Hemoglobin
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Iron-containing protein, each hemoglobin has four oxygen binding sites
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Anemia
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A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
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Sickle cell anemia
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Results from abnormally shared hemoglobin, doesn't carry oxygen well
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Polycythemia
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An excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
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Iron-deficiency anemia
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Need iron in our diets to make hemoglobin, can be caused in women by menses
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Pernicious anemia
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Inability to absorb vitamin B12
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Adaptive polycythemia
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Normal increase in red blood cells, needed during pregnancy, change in altitude, and during smoking
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Polycythemia vera
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Due to bone marrow cancer, can lead to anemia
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How leukocytes work
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Move in and out of blood vessels, move by ameboid motion, can respond to chemicals released by damaging tissues
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Immune cells
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Act to destroy bacteria, viruses, cancerous cells, cellular debris, foreign particles, dead cells
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Diapedesis
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Moving out of blood vessels into tissues
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Ameboid motion
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moving like an ameoba
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Chemotaxis
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movement of cells in response to a chemical signal
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Leukocytosis
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Too many white blood cells, this generally indicates an infection
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Leukopenia
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Abnormally low white blood cell count, caused by corticosteroids and anticancer agents
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Leukemia
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Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess white blood cells, the white blood cells are malformed and nonfunctional so the immune system begins to fail.
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Types of leukocytes
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Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
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Granulocytes
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Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. They posses lobed nuclei and visible granules
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Agranulocytes
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Include lymphocytes and monocytes. Nuclei are spherical, lack visible granules
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Neutrophils
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Function as phagocytes at active sites of infection, they increase during infection. Account for almost half of WBCs
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Eosinophils
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Function to kill parasitic worms, emit toxic compounds which initiate general inflammation response
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Basophils
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Release histamine at sites of inflammation, contain heparin
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Histamine
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Dilates blood vessels makes blood vessels leaky, calls for other WBCs
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Heparin
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Anticoagulent (stops clotting)
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Lymphocytes
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Functions as part of the immune response, include B and T lymphocytes
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B Lymphocytes
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Produce antibodies to foreign particles
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T Lymphocytes
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"Killer T cells" Phagocytes that have chemical weapons such as hydrogen peroxide, they mature in the thymus
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Monocytes
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Largest of the WBC, function as macrophages, important in fighting chronic infection
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Platelets
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Derived from ruptured multinucleated cells, needed for clotting in blood
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Hematopoiesis
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Formation of all formed elements in blood,BC formation, Occurs in red bone marrow
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Hemocytoblast
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Stem cell that all blood cells are derived from
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Hemocytoblast differentiation
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Lymphoid stem cell produces lymphocytes, myeloid stem cell produces all other formed elements
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Wearing out of RBC
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They are unable to divide or grow so they wear out in 100 to 120 days. When worn out RBC are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver. They are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow
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What happens to old red blood cells?
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They get stuck in capillaries in the spleen or liver and are broken down by macrophages, these broken down parts are recycled into mostly hemoglobin
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How is red blood cell production controlled?
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The rate is controlled by the protein erythropoietin, the homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels
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Erythropoietin
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Produced by the kidneys in response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood, it is a hormone that regulates erythrocyte production
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Colony stimulating factors
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promote bone marrow to generate leukocytes
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Thrombopoietin
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stimulates production of platelets
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Interleukins
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promote bone marrow to generate leukocytes
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3 Phases of blood homeostasis
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Vascular spasms, Platelet plug formation, Coagulation
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Fibrinolysis
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The breaking down of a blood clot after tissue repair
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Homeostasis of blood
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Stoppage of bleeding when there is a break in a blood vessel, blood usually clots with 6min
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Plasmin
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Enzyme that tears apart fiber mesh in clotting
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Thrombus
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A clot in an unbroken blood vessel, can be deadly in areas like the heart
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Embolus
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A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream. Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain (stroke), heart (heart attack), or lungs (pulmonary embolism)
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Thrombocytopenia
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A platelet deficiency, result is normal movements causing bleeding from small blood vessels that require platelets for clotting
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Hemophilia
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Hereditary bleeding disorder, normal clotting factors are missing
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Blood loss symptoms
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15-30% loss causes weakness, 30% or more causes shock
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How blood is typed
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By certain antibodies that attach to antigens
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Agglutination
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blood proteins clumping
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Rh factor
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Protein found in plasma, either positive or negative if you have the protein you are positive if you don't you're negative
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Sites of blood cell formation
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Red bone marrow, liver, and spleen
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Physiologic jaundice
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Occurs in infants when the liver can not rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough
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