Anatomy Test #4 The Cardiovascular System

Front 1

Components of the cardiovascular system

Back 1

A closed system of the heart (pumps blood) and blood vessels (allow blood to circulate)

Front 2

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Back 2

To deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
To remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues

Front 3

Closed cardiovascular system

Back 3

Blood stays only inside the heart and blood vessels

Front 4

Orientation of the heart

Back 4

Pointed apex directed toward left hip, base points toward right shoulder

Front 5

Pericardium

Back 5

A double walled sac around the heart, functions as protection, low-friction, attaches heart to diaphragm, serous fluid fills the space inbetween the layers

Front 6

Fibrous pericardium

Back 6

Loose and superficial

Front 7

Serous membrane

Back 7

Deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers

Front 8

Visceral pericardium

Back 8

Next to heart, also known as the epicardium

Front 9

Parietal pericardium

Back 9

Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Front 10

Three layers of the heart wall

Back 10

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Front 11

Epicardium

Back 11

The visceral pericardium, the outside connective tissue layer

Front 12

Myocardium

Back 12

Middle layer, "skeleton of the heart", mostly cardiac muscle, transmits APs

Front 13

Endocardium

Back 13

Inner layer, continuous with the epithelium of blood vessels

Front 14

Atria

Back 14

Receiving chambers where blood enters the heart, located at the superior of the heart, composed of right and left atrium

Front 15

Ventricles

Back 15

Discharging chambers that contract to push blood up and out of the heart, located at the inferior of the heart, composed of right and left ventricle

Front 16

Septa

Back 16

Prevents blood from mixing between the right and left pump

Front 17

Interventricular septum

Back 17

Separates the two ventricles

Front 18

Interatrial septum

Back 18

Separates the two atria

Front 19

Systematic Circulation

Back 19

Blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

Front 20

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 20

Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

Front 21

Function of valves

Back 21

Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow

Front 22

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

Back 22

Between atria and ventricles, bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve, anchored in place by chordae tendinea. They open during heart relaxation and close during ventricular contraction which prevents blood from backwards into atria

Front 23

Semilunar valves

Back 23

Between ventricle and artery. Pulmonary and Aortic semilunar valves. Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricle contraction to prevent blood from falling back to ventricles

Front 24

Arteries

Back 24

Blood vessels that are taking away from the heart

Front 25

Aorta

Back 25

Artery that leaves the left ventricle

Front 26

Pulmonary artery

Back 26

Leave the right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries

Front 27

Veins

Back 27

Blood vessels carrying blood back to the heart

Front 28

Superior vena cava

Back 28

Enters right atrium, drains blood from top of body to the heart

Front 29

Inferior vena cava

Back 29

Enters right atrium, drains blood from bottom of body

Front 30

Pulmonary veins

Back 30

Enter left atrium, carries blood from the lungs to the heart

Front 31

Coronary arteries

Back 31

Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Front 32

Cardiac veins

Back 32

Drain the myocardium of blood

Front 33

Coronary sinus

Back 33

A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

Front 34

Cardiac Circulation

Back 34

Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium, the heart has its own nourishing circulatory system (coronary arteries, cardiac veins, coronary sinuses). Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus

Front 35

Intristic conduction system

Back 35

Heart muscle cells contract without action potentials in a regular continuous way

Front 36

Sinoatrial Node

Back 36

SA node, the "pacemaker" of the heart. Found in the wall of the right atrium

Front 37

Atrioventricular node

Back 37

AV node, Is found at the junction of the atria and ventricles

Front 38

Atrioventricular bundle

Back 38

Is in the interventricular septum

Front 39

Heart block

Back 39

Damage to the intristic conduction system usually SA or AV node damage. Ventricles generate poor rhythm by themselves

Front 40

Ishemia

Back 40

Lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle

Front 41

Fibrillation

Back 41

A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle (heart failure)

Front 42

Defibrillator

Back 42

Outside electric shock to reset the normal rhythm of the heart

Front 43

Tachycardia

Back 43

Rapid heart rate

Front 44

Bradycardia

Back 44

Slow heart rate

Front 45

Systole

Back 45

A contraction of the ventricles

Front 46

Diastole

Back 46

Relaxation of the ventricles

Front 47

How do atria contract?

Back 47

simultaneously

Front 48

Cardiac output

Back 48

Amount of blood pumped by either side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute

Front 49

Stroke volume

Back 49

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heart beat, this usually remains constant. About 70ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat

Front 50

Heart rate

Back 50

Typically 75 beats per minute

Front 51

Cardiac output formula

Back 51

Heart rate x stroke volume

Front 52

Starling's law of the heart

Back 52

The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

Front 53

What is the most common way to change cardiac output?

Back 53

Changing the heart rate

Front 54

Increased heart rate is regulated by what?

Back 54

The sympathetic nervous system, during a fight or flight response

Front 55

Hormones that regulate the heart rate

Back 55

Epinepherine and Thyroxine

Front 56

Decreased heart rate is controlled by what?

Back 56

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 57

Role of arteries and arterioles

Back 57

Carry blood away from the heart

Front 58

Arterioles

Back 58

Smaller branches off of main arteries

Front 59

Capillary bed's function

Back 59

Location of exchanges between tissues and blood

Front 60

Function of veins and venules

Back 60

Return blood towards the heart

Front 61

Venules

Back 61

Small veins that form larger veins

Front 62

Is blood always oxygenated?

Back 62

No, not in pulmonary arteries

Front 63

Three layers of a blood vessel

Back 63

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Front 64

Tunica intima

Back 64

Endothelium, very thin and smooth tissue

Front 65

Tunica media

Back 65

Smooth muscle controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, allows blood vessels to change in diameter

Front 66

Tunica externa

Back 66

Mostly fibrous connective tissue, serves as a protective layer

Front 67

Artery structural composition

Back 67

Arteries have thick tunica media to deal with the blood pressure they endure. Often change diameter with vasoconstriction or dilation depending on the demand for blood in a certain area.

Front 68

Capillary structural composition

Back 68

Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissues

Front 69

Vein structural composition

Back 69

Has a thinner tunica media then arteries, they contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Lumen in veins are larger then arteries.
Large lumen and stretchy walls act as blood reservoirs.
Veins have relatively thin walls.
They have very low blood pressure

Front 70

Lumen

Back 70

Space inside a blood vessel

Front 71

Blood flow in arteries

Back 71

Due to ventricular contraction, blood is forced through arteries and arterioles

Front 72

Blood flow in veins

Back 72

Veins have very low blood pressure, Blood flow is basically slowed to a stop. Blood gets back to the heart because of the "muscular pump" and "respiratory pump".

Basically:
Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins, pushes blood upwards (bc valves don't allow downwards movement) back to the heart

Front 73

Capillary beds consist of which types of vessels?

Back 73

Vascular shunt and True capillaries

Front 74

Vascular Shunt

Back 74

Vessel through a capillary bed connecting an arteriole to a venule

Front 75

True capillaries

Back 75

These are exchange vessels. Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells, and carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood

Front 76

Individual capillary characteristics

Back 76

The diameter is so small blood cells move through one at a time, blood moves very slowly

Front 77

Precapillary sphincters

Back 77

Rings of smooth muscle, if relaxed blood goes into capillaries, if constricted blood stays in vascular shunt

Front 78

Pulse

Back 78

Pressure wave of blood in arteries, averages 70-76 beats per minute

Front 79

Blood pressure

Back 79

Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

Front 80

Systolic blood pressure

Back 80

pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

Front 81

Diastolic blood pressure

Back 81

pressure when ventricles relax

Front 82

Peripheral resistance

Back 82

Amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels

Front 83

How do kidneys regulate blood pressure?

Back 83

The kidneys sense blood pressure is low and release renin which causes the release of aldosterone which retains water and sodium in blood to increase blood pressure

Front 84

Effect of temperature on blood

Back 84

Heat has a vasodilating effect on blood vessels, cold has a vasoconstricting effect on blood vessels

Front 85

Hypotension

Back 85

Low systolic blood pressure, associated with illness

Front 86

Hypertension

Back 86

High systolic blood pressure, very dangerous if chronic, very genetic

Front 87

Intristic conduction system

Back 87

Allows the heart to beat on its own