Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Lymphatic vessels begin in _____
|
tissues as blind tubes
|
|
|
|
Lymphatic vessels drain into venous circulation via two lymphatic vessels named the ____
|
thoracic duct; right lymphatic
|
|
|
|
Extracellular compartment
|
Spaces between cells and tissues
|
|
|
|
Part of extracellular compartment containing interstitial fluid
|
Interstitiial space
|
|
|
|
Interstilia fluiud
|
Fluid between this space
|
|
|
|
The molecules go from _____ end to the interstitial fluid
|
arterial
|
|
|
|
To get back into systemic circulation moves on ____ side to blood vasculature
|
veinous
|
|
|
|
Large molecular weight proteins cab/can not move though venous end
|
Not
|
|
|
|
The _____ pick up the remainin 10 percent not going to the venous end
|
Lymphatics capillaries
|
|
|
|
Lymphatic vessels are much like ____ because they are ____
|
veins (low pressure systems with vallves)
|
|
|
|
Edema is abnormal accumulation of ______ in tissues
|
fluid
|
|
|
|
Edema typically occurs in the ___ cells of the _____ compartment
|
interstital; extracelular
|
|
|
|
Most common caumse of edema
|
Abnromal leakage in fluid of blood across capillaries
|
|
|
|
Second most common cause of edema
|
Failure of lymphatics to transport fluid from interstitial spaces into the veinous syste
|
|
|
|
In elephantitus there is a physical blockage of _______ leading to _____
|
lymph nodes leading to edema
|
|
|
|
Cause of elephantitus
|
Mosquitoe born nematodes enter lymphatic system and reside in lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
Lymph nodes reside along the path of _____
|
lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
|
Fluid within the lymphatic system is called ____-
|
lymph
|
|
|
|
Lymph nodes filter out ____
|
foreign material found in the lymph
|
|
|
|
Lymph nodes mount an ____
|
immune response
|
|
|
|
What is the definition of a serous membrane?
|
A mesothelium (simple squeamous epithelium) sitting on a narrow framework of loose connective tiies that contains blood and lymphatic vessels
|
|
|
|
Milroy disease results when the patient lacks ______
|
valves in the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs leading to edema
|
|
|
|
A serous membrane is a ____ epithelium
|
Simple squeamous
|
|
|
|
The serous membrane is a ____ membrane
|
continuous
|
|
|
|
Serous membranes line _____ that do not communicate with the outside world
|
body cavities
|
|
|
|
Parts of serous membrane
|
Visceral part, parietal part
|
|
|
|
Visceral layer is on the ____ layer of an organ
|
Outer layer (surface) (anatomically connected with the outside of the organ)
|
|
|
|
The _______ part lines the deep surface/walls of the body cavity that is covered with the visceral layer
|
parietal
|
|
|
|
Serous cavity is where the ___ layers faces the ___ layer such that their epithelial cells face eachother
|
Visceral and parietal
|
|
|
|
Serous fluid is derived from the ___ fluid of underlying connective tissue that lies below the epithelium
|
interstitial
|
|
|
|
Serous fluid is continually ___ and _____. How does it travel?
|
produced and reabsorbed
|
Out of serous cvvavity into lymphatic capillaries that reside in CT layer of serous membrane with graeter concentration in parietal layer
|
|
|
Stoma are channels that connect the lumen of the ____ with the lumen of the ______
|
lymphatic capillaries; epithelial cells of the parietal layer of the serous membrane
|
|
|
|
Stoma are found only on the ___ side
|
parietal
|
|
|
|
Pressure inside a serrous cavity is slightly _____
|
negative
|
|
|
|
There are ___ serous caviities in males and __ in females
|
6; 4
|
|
|
|
Negative pressure in the serrous cavity accounts for
|
a gradient in movement of fluids from the serrous membrane into the serrous cavity
|
|
|
|
The serous cavity is ____ micrometers wide
|
18-20
|
|
|
|
Effusoion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid with a ______
|
cavity or tissue space
|
|
|
|
Serous cavity of the abdomen
|
Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
|
|
|
|
Common clinical site of effusion is the _______
|
serous cavities
|
|
|
|
There are _____ serous cavities in the thorax
|
3
|
|
|
|
What is the serous cavity of the perineum?
|
The two tunica vaginalis cavities associated with two testicle
|
|
|
|
Serous cavities of thorax
|
2 plurae and pleural cavities and pericardium associated with hear
|
|
|
|
Visceral layer of serous memberane received ____ innervation; receive their vascular supply from ____ and drain lymph into lyphatic vessels of _____
|
autonomous; underlyinhg organ; underlying organ
|
|
|
|
Parietal layer of a serous membrane receives innervation from _______; receives vascular supply from _____ and lymphatic drains into _____
|
somatic nerve supply; adjacent organs; adjacent organs
|
|
|
|
Serrous membrane of a lung is called __ and its cavity is called the _____
|
plurae; pleural cavity
|
|
|
|
Lungs develop from ____
|
lung buds
|
|
|
|
The lungs is _____ by the pleural cavity
|
surrounded
|
|
|
|
Cervical pleura location
|
Abuts visecral pleura over apex; partially lies at root of neck
|
|
|
|
The ____ is attached to the outer surface of the lung
|
visceral pluera
|
|
|
|
Location of costal pleural
|
Lies adjacent to deep surface of ribs and intercostal spaces
|
|
|
|
Visceral and parietal plurae are continuous at the _______ of the lung
|
Root
|
|
|
|
Location of medisteinal pleura
|
Adjacent to various structures at the lateral part of the mediatseinum
|
|
|
|
The ___ is the inferior extension between the visecral and parietal pleura
|
pulmonary ligament
|
|
|
|
Location of diaphrgmatic pleura
|
Lies adjacent to upper surface of the diaphragm
|
|
|
|
The pulmonary ligmante provides _____ in the plurae to accomodate changes in shape during respiration
|
slack
|
|
|
|
There is _______ pressire in the lung (pleural pressure). The function of nehgative pressure?
|
negative
|
Aids in mechanically coupling the lung with the thoraci wall and diaphragm
|
|
|
The costal pleura lines _____
|
Deep surface of thoracic wall
|
|
|
|
_____ are regions of the pleural cavity where parietal plurae are apposed to other parietal plurae
|
Plueral recesses
|
|
|
|
A pleural recess is where ___ pleura faces ___ pleura. What is the function?
|
parietal; parietal
|
Accomodates change in size and shape of lung during respiration
|
|
|
Two pleural recesses are ____ and ____
|
Costodiaphrgmatic ; costomediasteinal
|
|
|
|
A ___ is the site of continuity between two apposing layers of parietal plura
|
Pleural refelction
|
|
|
|
Two pleural refelctions
|
Costal and sternal
|
|
|
|
What is the costal pleural reflection?
|
Pleural continutiy at costodiaphragmatic recess; where the cosdtal surface lining deep thoracic wall reflects onto superiro surface of abdomen and is renamed diaphragmatic pleura
|
|
|
|
Where does the costal pleural refelction parallel
|
Inferiro border of the lung
|
|
|
|
Costal pleural reflection crrosses ____ ribs at the ____, ____ and ___ lines
|
8, 10, 12 (lung cross 6,8,10) at the _____; midclavicular, midaxillary and scapular
|
|
|
|
Inferior border of the lung is the __, ___ and ___ and the ___, ___ and ___ lines; Thus a costodihaphragmatic recess is ____ ribs and ____ intercostal spaces hig
|
6,8,10 rib; midclavicular, midaxillary and scapular; 2 and 2
|
|
|
|
Strenal pleural rfelection is the continuity at the ________ recess where the costal pleura is renamed the medisteinal pleura. The site of cpontinuity lies _____ to the sternum and parallels the _____ border of the lung
|
costomediasteinal; posterior; anterior
|
|
|
|
The pleural fluid is a ____-
|
lubricant (frictionless encironment)
|
|
|
|
Pluera provide a space for _____ size of lungs during inspiration
|
increased
|
|
|
|
The negative pressure within the pleural cavity help to keep the lungs _____
|
expanded
|
|
|
|
Pleural effusion is the abdnoraml accumularion of fluid in _____ and is the most common disordre of the plurae
|
the pleural cavity
|
|
|
|
Pleural enfusion can arise from
|
penetrating wound
|
|
|
|
Pleural effusion can also arise from an im balnce in _____ which may result from ____
|
normal equilibrium between production and reabsorption of pleural fluid; bronchogenic carcinoma (cancer cells clog the lymph nodes which leads to interstital bulidup in lungs)
|
|
|
|
___ is where the fluid of a pleural effusion is removed and a needle is passed through the intercostal splace. It can be therapeutic or diagnostic
|
Thoracentesis
|
|
|
|
Pleural effusion may also occur as a ____ response to an infection
|
inflammatory
|
|
|
|
____ is the accumulation of air within a poleural cavity. It results in part due to changes in ______
|
Pneumothorax; pressure (now there is space at a higher pressure and air rushes in)
|
|
|
|
Pneumpthorax may result from ____ or may occur ____
|
trauma ; spontaneously
|
|
|
|
Visceral pleural receive ____ innervation from the underlying lung; vascular supply from _____ and lyphatic drainage into lymph vessicles of _______
|
autonomous NS; underlying lung; underlying lung tissue
|
|
|
|
Parietal pleura receives sensory innervation from ______; vascual supply from ______ and has a rich lymphatic netowork in the connective tissue layer including ____ that drain into_______
|
somatic nerve supply of adjacent structures and a veriety of sources (intercostal nerves for costal pleura, phrenic nerves for diaphragm); adjacent structures; stoma; lymphatic vessels of adjacent tissue
|
|
|
|
Visceral pleura receives vascular supply from _____ circulation
|
bronchial
|
|
|
|
The function of the pericardium is to ______
|
protect the heart and hold it in place in the medisteinum
|
|
|
|
The serous membrane of the heart is called the serous _____
|
pericardium
|
|
|
|
Pericardium inclues
|
Fibrous pericardium, serous percardium and pericardialcavity
|
|
|
|
Connective tiisue of fibrous pericardium is continous with the ____ of the diaphragm
|
central tendon
|
|
|
|
The fibrous pericardium is continuous with the ____. Where does the parietall layer of the fibrous pericardium lie?
|
outer adventitial layer of the great surfaces that enter and exit the heart; immediately deep to the fibrous pericardium
|
|
|
|
The fibrous pericardium ismade up of
|
strong, dense fibrous connective tissue
|
|
|
|
Connective tiisue of fibrous pericardium is continous with the ____ of the diaphragm and is tethered to the ____ of the sternum
|
central tendon; deep surface
|
|
|
|
Serous pericardium has two layers: ____; The narrow space between teh two layers is called the _____. The heart is ______ by the ______.
|
Visceral and parietal; pericardial cavity
|
|
|
|
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium covers the______
|
surface ofthe heart
|
|
|
|
The parietal membrane lies deep to the ____ and lines the____
|
fibrous pericardium; deep surface of the CT of the fibrous pericardium
|
|
|
|
Fluid in cavity is called ______; Function of fluid is to ______; Abnroaml accunmulation of fluid in pericardial cavity is a ___; Complications of a pericardial effusion
|
pericardial fluidl; provide frictionless environment for beating heart; Pericardial effusion
|
Compresses the heart; the perciardial cavity cannot expand outward due to noncomplaint fibrous pericardium; pericardial cavity can readuly expand inward
|
|
|
Nerve supply of fibrous pericardium and parietal layer
|
phrenic nerves C3-C5
|
|
|
|
A pericardial effusion thta is life threatningf
|
pericaardial tamponade
|
|
|
|
Visceral layer of pericardium receives _____ innervation from the _____
|
autonomic; autonomic innervation of underlying heart
|
|
|
|
tIn a pericardial tamponade fluid accumulates ____; Causes of pericardial effusion
|
very quickly
|
Pericarditis (response to microrganisms that have spread from other structures); obstruction of lymph flow due to malignant diseases (lung cancer) that block mediatinal lymph nodes through which lymph of the heart must flow; trauma
|
|
|
Periocardiocedntisis
|
Needle into pericardial cavity to withdraw fluid
|
|
|
|
Serous membrane of the abdomen is called the
|
Peritoneum
|
|
|
|
Intraperitoneal is surrounded by _____ and can move _______
|
peritoneum; more freely
|
|
|
|
Retroperitoneal is ______ covered with peritoneum and is ___ moveable
|
not; not as
|
|
|
|
Secondarily retroperitoneal
|
The organ was intraperoitoneal but during development the peritoneum obliterates and it is considered to be retroperitoneal - may still have msurface area covered with peritoenum but noyt to the extent of an intraperitoneal organ
|
|
|
|
_____ fascia lines the deep surface of the abdominal wall
|
Endoabdominal fascia
|
|
|
|
____ is the next layer below the endoabdominal fascia and lines trhe abodneal walls and inferior surface of the diaphragm
|
Parietal perotineum
|
|
|
|
Portion of the periotenium initimately attached to the outer surface of the abdomen
|
visceral peritoeum
|
|
|
|
Site of continuation between visceral and parietal peritoneum
|
top of the liver
|
|
|
|
Example of retroperotoneal organ
|
kidney
|
|
|
|
The ___ attached the stomach to other organs
|
omentum
|
|
|
|
The omentum is ______ layer fold that one one end is connected to the _____
|
2; stomach
|
|
|
|
The _____ attached a large portion of the colon to the posterior abdmonal wall
|
mesocolon
|
|
|
|
The mesocolin is a ___ layer fold taht connect the ____ to other orgrans
|
2;colon
|
|
|
|
The ___ is a 2 layerr fgold that reflects off of the stomach and descedns in the abdomen and is continous with the peritenusm of the colon
|
Greater omentum
|
|
|
|
The ____ goes from the stomach to the liver/superior
|
Lesser omentum
|
|
|
|
The _____ attached the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
|
messentary
|
|
|
|
The serous cavity of the perineum is called the
|
Perinoeal cavity
|
|
|
|
The ___ is a 2 layrt fold that connects two structures that atre not stomach, small intestine, large intensine
|
Peritoneal ligament
|
|
|
|
The peritoneal cavity is divided into two subcavities:
|
Greater and lesser space
|
|
|
|
The perinoeal cavity has many ______
|
pockets and recesses
|
|
|
|
The greater and lesser sac are continuous thriough the ____ located under the liver
|
omental forament of Winslow
|
|
|
|
The _____ are important for the absorption of peritoneal fliud
|
subphrenic spaces
|
|
|
|
The subphrenic spaces are located
|
immediately deep to the diaphragm
|
|
|
|
Function of peritoneal fluid
|
Frictionless environment allows organs to change size and shape
|
|
|
|
What is a pertitoneal cavity effusion?
|
Ascites
|
|
|
|
The fluid of an ascites is called
|
ascetic fluid
|
|
|
|
Paracentisis
|
Put a needle into peritoneal cavity to get asceitic fluid
|
|
|
|
Most conmmon cayuse of ascites
|
cirrohsis of the liver
|
|
|
|
Terminal end of a uterine tube has an opening called
|
abdominal osteum
|
|
|
|
The abdominal osteum opens directly into the
|
peritoneal cavity (only direct passageway to the body)
|
|
|
|
Bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity. What causes the infection?
|
Peritonits; Local source such as a perforated hollow organ or ingection of the female genitalk tract that extends up the uterine tubes and through the abdominal ostea
|
|
|
|
Appendix receives neurovascual supply from
|
the same visceral as the cecum
|
|
|
|
Pain in the appendix tends to be
|
diffuse and poorly localized
|
|
|
|
Autonomic sensory fibers of the appendix enter the ____ level of the spinal cord which is the dermatome for the ______
|
T 10 ; umbilicus
|
|
|
|
Classic pain of appendicitus is ____
|
sharo oain localized in RLQ
|
|
|
|
Pain of appendicitus is from
|
somatic pain associated with parietal peritoneum of the adjacent abdominal wall
|
|
|
|
Periotonitis
|
bacterial infection that results in asictes
|
|
|
|
Causes if peritonieus
|
ruptured organ, urinary tract infection, females susceptible
|
|
|
|
Function of peritoneum
|
storage site for fat, holds organ in postion, allows change in shape and size of abdominal organs, conduit for passage of the neurovascular supply to an organ
|
|
|
|
The inguinal canal was created by an outcropping of the _____
|
peritoneum
|
|
|
|
The inguinal canal is a passageway through the ____ that connects_____
|
Abdominal wall; the abdominal cavity with the perineal region of the body
|
|
|
|
___ fascia describes endoabdominal fdascia on deep anterolateral wall
|
transversalis
|
|
|
|
Outpocketing of the peritoneum is called
|
proceses vaginalis
|
|
|
|
Processesus vaginalis creates trhe _____
|
inguinal canal (process the same in M and F); pushes each layer
|
|
|
|
In males gonads continue through _____ to scrotal sac
|
inguinal canal
|
|
|
|
Spermatic cord
|
Organ that comes down when testes descend
|
|
|
|
Round ligament of the uterus
|
Organ with decseion of female
|
|
|
|
There is a continiuty between the layers of the abdominal wall (with the exception of the _____) and the spermatic cord or round ligament
|
transverse adbomdinal
|
|
|
|
Point where pricesses vaginalis pushed through transversalis fascia
|
Deep (internal inguinal) ring
|
|
|
|
Posterior wall of the aponeuroisis of the external obliquel is called the
|
transversalis fascia
|
|
|
|
The anterior wall of the inguinal canal is the
|
aponeurisus of the external oblique
|
|
|
|
The floor of the inguinal canal is the
|
inguinal ligament
|
|
|
|
Roof of the inguinal canal is
|
Arching muscle fibers of internal oblqiue and transverse abdominal
|
|
|
|
Patent processens vaginalis
|
viable open wound; continuity between perineum and process vaginalis in scrotal sac
|
|
|
|
The abnormal protrusion of structure beyond its normal confines
|
Herniation
|
|
|
|
Indirect inguinal hernia is a herniation at the _____
|
deep inguinal ring - piece of small bowel decsends down inguinal canal and can go as far as the scrotal sac
|
|
|
|
Indirect inguinal canal hernia is through the _____
|
deep inguinal ring
|
|
|
|
A direct inguinal hernia protrudes ________
|
against the inguinal (Hesslebach's) Triangle
|
|
|
|
Three abnatomical structures of Hasslebach's triangle
|
lateral margin of RA, inguinal ligament, inferior epigastric arteries
|
|
|
|
There are __ regions of parietal pleura
|
4
|
|
|
|
Parietal pleura are named for the region thta ______
|
it lies adjacent to
|
|
|
|
Four regions of parietal pleura
|
cervical, costal, diaphramatic and mediasteinal
|
|
|
|
The serous cavity of a pleural membrane is a
|
pleural cavity
|
|
|
|
There are __ separate pleural cavities with no ____ between them
|
2 (R and left); no
|
|
|
|
Is pleural effusion a disease?
|
No it's an underlying symptom
|
|
|
|
Visceral peritoneum receives _____ innervation from ____
|
Autonomic innervation ; underlying organs
|
|
|
|
Parietal peritoneum receives ___ innervation from _____
|
somatic; somatic nerves that innervate adjacent abdominal wall or diaphragm
|
|
|
|
Where is the inguinal region?
|
The junction of the anterolateral abdominal wall and the anterior thigh
|
|
|
|
What is the superficial (external) ring? Where is it located?
|
The site at which the processesus vaginalis pushed into the aponeurosis of the external oblique ; above and lateral to pubic tubercle and is at most medial and superficial end of inguinal canal
|
|
|
|
What is one of the major factors contributing to indirect herniation?
|
Patency of processus vaginalis
|
|
