Anatomy & Physiology Ch 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The scientific discipline that investigates the body's function

Front 2

Developmental anatomy

Back 2

The structural changes that occur between conception and childhood

Front 3

Embryology

Back 3

Subspecialty of developmental anatomy, changes that occur between conception and 8 weeks

Front 4

Cytology

Back 4

Studies the structural features of cells

Front 5

Histology

Back 5

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them

Front 6

Gross anatomy

Back 6

Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Front 7

How is the body examined in systematic anatomy?

Back 7

System by system (cardiovascular, integumentary, nervous)

Front 8

How is the body examined in regional anatomy?

Back 8

Regionally (head, abdomen, arm)

Front 9

Surface anatomy

Back 9

Study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures

Hint 9

Sternum and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated, anatomical landmarks

Front 10

Anatomical imaging

Back 10

Use of radiographs, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), etc to create pics of internal structures

Front 11

Anatomical anomalies

Back 11

Physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern

Front 12

Physiology

Back 12

Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

Front 13

Cell physiology

Back 13

Examines processes occurring in cells

Front 14

Systematic physiology

Back 14

Examines the functions of organ systems

Front 15

Neurophysiology

Back 15

Examines the functions of the nervous system

Front 16

Cardiovascular physiology

Back 16

Examines the functions of the heart and blood vessels

Front 17

Pathology

Back 17

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, w/ emphasis on cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as structure and functions changes resulting from disease

Front 18

How does anatomy differ from physiology?

Back 18

Anatomy is the study of a structure and it's parts whereas physiology is the study of how those parts interact.

Front 19

In order, what are the body's 6 levels of organization?

Back 19

Chemical level -> cell level -> tissue level -> organ level -> organ system level -> organism level

Front 20

Name the 6 essential characteristics of life

Back 20

Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction

Front 21

What is the difference between differentiation and morphogenesis?

Back 21

Differentiation is a change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized while morphogenesis is change in the shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism.

Front 22

Name the 11 organ systems of the body

Back 22

Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive (male & female)

Front 23

Briefly describe the integumentary system

Back 23

Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Front 24

Briefly describe the skeletal system

Back 24

Provides protection and support, allows movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints

Front 25

Briefly describe the muscular system

Back 25

Produces body movements, maintains posture and produces body heat . Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Front 26

Briefly describe the lymphatic system

Back 26

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

Front 27

Briefly describe the respiratory system

Back 27

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

Front 28

Briefly describe the digestive system

Back 28

Performance the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

Front 29

Briefly describe the nervous system

Back 29

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Front 30

Briefly describe the endocrine system

Back 30

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

Front 31

Briefly describe the cardiovascular system

Back 31

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Front 32

Briefly describe the urinary system

Back 32

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

Front 33

Briefly describe the female reproductive system

Back 33

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.

Front 34

Briefly describe the male reproductive system

Back 34

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

Front 35

Homeostasis

Back 35

The existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body.

Front 36

Define negative-feedback mechanisms in relation to homeostasis

Back 36

Negative means that any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted; therefore, the response to the original stimulus results in deviation from the setpoint, becoming smaller

Front 37

List the three components most negative-feedback mechanisms have.

Back 37

A receptor, a control center, and an effector.

Front 38

Define positive-feedback mechanisms in relation to homeostasis

Back 38

Positive feedback mechanisms occur when a response to the original stimulus results in the deviation from the set point becoming even greater.

Front 39

Define anatomical position

Back 39

Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect with the face directed forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing foward

Front 40

Define the anatomical terms supine and prone

Back 40

Supine refers to a person lying face upward and prone refers to a person lying face downward.

Front 41

List and define directional terms in anatomical terminology (Pt 1)

Back 41

Right and left stay the same, up is superior (cephalic), down is inferior (caudal), front is anterior (ventral), and behind is posterior (dorsal).

Front 42

List and define directional terms in anatomical terminology (Pt 2)

Back 42

Proximal means nearest, distal means distant, medial means toward the midline, lateral means away from the midline, superficial means close to the surface, and deep means toward the interior of the body.

Front 43

What does the central region of the body consist of?

Back 43

The head, neck, and trunk (thorax, abdomen, and pelvis)

Front 44

Name and define the planes used to describe the body

Back 44

Sagittal (right and left portions), median (right and left halves), transverse (superior and inferior), frontal (anterior and posterior)