Anatomy & Physiology Cells

Front 1

4 Concepts of Cell Theory

Back 1

1. Cells are the basic structural & functional unit of life
2. what an organism can do is dependent on the individual and collective activities of its cells
3. subcellular structures define function of cells
4. cells arise from other cells

Front 2

cytology

Back 2

The study of cells

Front 3

Name the three regions of a typical animal cell

Back 3

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Front 4

Plasma Membrane

Back 4

forms the boundary and regulates what enters and leaves a cell.

Front 5

Cytoplasm

Back 5

is the area between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, and includes cytosol, organelles & inclusion bodies

Front 6

Nucleus

Back 6

the control center which contains genetic information and includes the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin and nucleolus.

Front 7

describe the Fluid Mosaic Model for the structure of the plasma membrane

Back 7

The Fluid Mosaic Model represents the plasma membrane as a thin bilayer of phospholipids interspersed with protein molecules and cholesterol, and carbohydrates sticking off of the external surface. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of molecules of phospholipids which orient their hydrophilic heads toward the extracellular and intercellular fluids, while the hydrophobic fatty acid tails face the interior of the membrane. The proteins which make up 50% of the weight, but little of the volume are described as either Integral or Peripheral

Front 8

Name the two general types of proteins associated with the plasma membrane

Back 8

Integral Proteins, Peripheral Proteins

Front 9

Integral Proteins

Back 9

which are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, function as receptors for hormones, enzymes or neurotransmitters, or if they span the entire width of the membrane, they are called Transmembrane Integral Proteins and are responsible for the transportation of substances across the membrane.

Front 10

Peripheral Proteins

Back 10

are loosely attached to either lipids or integral proteins and they either act as a receptor for enzymes or support the plasma membrane allowing it to change shape.

Front 11

4 Concepts of Cell Theory

Back 11

1. Cells are the basic structural & functional unit of life
2. what an organism can do is dependent on the individual and collective activities of its cells
3. subcellular structures define function of cells
4. cells arise from other cells

Front 12

cytology

Back 12

The study of cells

Front 13

Name the three regions of a typical animal cell

Back 13

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

Front 14

Plasma Membrane

Back 14

forms the boundary and regulates what enters and leaves a cell.

Front 15

Cytoplasm

Back 15

is the area between the plasma membrane and the nucleus, and includes cytosol, organelles & inclusion bodies

Front 16

Nucleus

Back 16

the control center which contains genetic information and includes the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin and nucleolus.

Front 17

describe the Fluid Mosaic Model for the structure of the plasma membrane

Back 17

The Fluid Mosaic Model represents the plasma membrane as a thin bilayer of phospholipids interspersed with protein molecules and cholesterol, and carbohydrates sticking off of the external surface. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of molecules of phospholipids which orient their hydrophilic heads toward the extracellular and intercellular fluids, while the hydrophobic fatty acid tails face the interior of the membrane. The proteins which make up 50% of the weight, but little of the volume are described as either Integral or Peripheral

Front 18

Name the two general types of proteins associated with the plasma membrane

Back 18

Integral Proteins, Peripheral Proteins

Front 19

Integral Proteins

Back 19

which are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, function as receptors for hormones, enzymes or neurotransmitters, or if they span the entire width of the membrane, they are called Transmembrane Integral Proteins and are responsible for the transportation of substances across the membrane.

Front 20

Peripheral Proteins

Back 20

are loosely attached to either lipids or integral proteins and they either act as a receptor for enzymes or support the plasma membrane allowing it to change shape.

Front 21

The plasma membrane is consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and cholesterol interspersed within this bilayer. What is the general function of the cholesterol?

Back 21

The function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane is to stabilize the membrane and keep it flexible

Front 22

Name three factors that affect the ability of a substance to pass through the plasma membrane.

Back 22

Size, Lipid solubility and the presence of a protein carrier or channel.

Front 23

Microvilli

Back 23

fingerlike projections which increase the surface area of a cell thereby increasing its rate of absorption

Front 24

Tight Junctions

Back 24

areas where adjacent cells are held together by a fused plasma membrane which creates a barrier to prevent materials from passing between cells.

Front 25

Desmosomes

Back 25

are mechanical links between cells which hold the cells in a sheet.

Front 26

Gap Junction

Back 26

are tiny channels which connect cells and allow material to pass directly from one cell to another

Front 27

Single Diffusion

Back 27

when a usually small, lipid soluble molecule (i.e. O2 or CO2) pass through the phospholipid bilayer down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Front 28

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 28

when a carrier or channel protein allows material to pass through the membrane and down the concentration gradient.

Front 29

Osmosis

Back 29

is the diffusion of water though a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 30

Isotonic Solutions

Back 30

Solutions with the same concentration of solutes as the concentration with in cells. Cells retain their shape and size

Front 31

Hypertonic Solutions

Back 31

Solutions with a grater concentration of solutes as the concentration with in cells. Cells lose water and shrink.

Front 32

Hypotonic Solutions

Back 32

olutions with a lesser concentration of solutes as the concentration with in cells. Cells expand and lyse.

Front 33

Briefly, describe how does active transport mechanisms differ from passive transport mechanisms.

Back 33

Active Transport Mechanisms require cells to split ATP to provide energy, where as Passive Transport Mechanisms utilize the omnipresent kinetic energy with the cell.

Front 34

Glycoprotein

Back 34

sugar attached to a protein on outside of plasma membrane

Front 35

Glycolipid

Back 35

sugar attached to a lipid on outside of plasma membrane

Front 36

Glycocalyx

Back 36

sugar coat on outside of plasma membrane

Front 37

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Back 37

1. regulate what enters and leaves a cell
2. form a boundary
3. receptors for enzymes, hormones and neurotransmitters
4. cell to cell recognition

Front 38

Diffusion

Back 38

the net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration down the concentration gradient to an area of lesser concentration fueled by kinetic energy

Front 39

Osmotic Pressure

Back 39

the sucking force which tries to move water to dilute a solution. It is proportional to the concentration of solutes that can not pass thru the membrane. The total number of solutes particles determines the osmolarity.

Front 40

Tonicity

Back 40

the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by alternating the volume of water in those cells where solutes can not pass thru plasma membrane.