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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called
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cytoplasm
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What type of microscope uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light to produce an image of the specimen
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Electron microscopy (EM)
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an electron gun produces a stream of electrons that is transmitted through the specimen and is focused by a magnetic lens (rather than an optical lens) to produce a magnified electron image of the specimen.
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
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a beam of electrons scans the What type of scope surface of the specimen and electrons reflected from, or knocked off of, the surface are detected by a special sensor
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In scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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What important concept in biology was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann?
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The cell theory
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Give an example of how cell structure relates to its function.
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Muscle cells are specialized to contract or shorten.
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What is the area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking up of microtubules in the cell
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Centrosome
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one of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis
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Centrioles
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threadlike genetic material in the nucleus
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Chromatin
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barlike bodies of chromatin (DNA) that have coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis
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Chromosomes
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Hairlike projections of cells
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Cilia
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What is an composite Cell
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An artistic representation of a cell that includes features from many different types of cells
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What are cristae (KRIS-tee)
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Folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
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What is cytoskeleton
(sye-toh-SKEL-eh-ton) |
The cell's internal supporting framework
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What are desmosomes
(DES-moh-sohms) |
specialized junctions that hold adjacent cells together; consist of dense plate at point of adhesion plus extracellular cementing material
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What is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
(en-doh-PLAS-mik reh-TIK-yoo-lum) |
network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm that contributes to cellular protein manufacture (via attached ribosomes) and distribution
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What are flagellum
(flah-JEL-um) |
single projection extending from the cell surface; only example in human is the “tail” of the male sperm
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What is a fluid mosaic model
(moh-ZAY-ik) |
theory of plasma membrane composition in which molecules of the membrane are bound tightly enough to form a continuous layer but loosely enough so molecules can slip past one another
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What is a gap junction
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cell connection formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other
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Golgi apparatus
(GOL-jee ap-ah-RAH-tus) |
organelle consisting of small sacs stacked on 1 another near the nucleus that makes carbohydrate compounds, combines them w/ protein molecules, & packages the product 4 distribution from the cell
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What does hydrophilic mean?
(hye-droh-FIL-ik) |
“water-loving
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What does hydrophobic mean?
(hye-droh-FOH-bik) |
“water-fearing”
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What is an intermediate filament
(in-ter-MEE-dee-it FIL-ah-ment) |
twisted strands of protein, slightly larger than microfilaments that make up part of the cell's internal skeleton (the cytoskeleton)
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What is a light microscope
(MYK-roh-skope) |
A magnifying device made of glass lenses that use light transmitted through or reflected from a specimen.
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What is a lysosome
(LYE-so-sohm) |
membranous organelle containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; called digestive bags or suicide bags of cell
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What is a microfilament
(my-kroh-FIL-ah-ment) |
smallest cell fibers; “cellular muscles”
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What is a microtubule
(my-kroh-TOOB-yool) |
A thick cell fiber (compared to microfilament); hollow tube responsible for movement of substances within the cell or movement of the cell itself
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What is a microvillus
(my-kroh-VIL-us) |
A brushlike border made up of epithelial cells on each villus in the small intestine; increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients
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What is a mitochondrion
(my-toh-KON-dree-on) |
An organelle in which ATP generation occurs; often termed “powerhouse of cell”
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What is a nucleolus
(noo-KLEE-oh-lus) |
A dense, well-defined but membraneless body within the nucleus; critical to protein formation because it “programs” the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus
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What is a nucleus
(NOO-klee-us) |
A membranous organelle that contains most of the genetic material of the cell; also, group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
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What is an organelle
(or-gah-NELL) |
Any of many cell “organs” or organized structures; for example, a ribosome or mitochondrion
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What is a peroxisome
(per-ahk-si-sohm) |
An organelles that detoxify harmful substances that have entered cells
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What is a plasma membrane
(PLAZ-mah) |
membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid, encloses the cytoplasm, and forms the outer boundary of the cell
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What is a raft
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also called lipid raft, it is a structure made up of groupings of molecules (cholesterol, certain phospholipids, proteins) within a cell membrane that travel together on the surface of the cell, something like a log raft on a lake
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What is receptor
(ree-SEP-tor) |
portion of a sensory neuron that responds to an external stimulus; also, any molecule on the surface of a cell that binds specifically to other molecules (such as cell markers, hormones, neurotransmitters)
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receptor
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answer
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What is a ribosome
(RYE-boh-sohm) |
organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; sometimes called “protein factory”
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What is a signal transduction
(SIG-nal tranz-DUK-shun) |
process of changing a signal such as a hormone or neurotransmitter into another form such as enzymatic reaction within the cell receiving the signal
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signal transduction
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(thus the extracellular hormone signal is transduced, or changed, to an intracellular enzymatic signal)
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What is a tight junction
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A connection between cells in which they are joined by “collars” of tightly fused membrane
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What is a vesicle?
(VES-i-kul) |
Any tiny membranous bubble within a cell; clinical term referring to blisters, fluid-filled skin lesions
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Atom
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The smallest particle of a chemical that retains the properties of that element. Can be subdivided into smaller subatomic particles.
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Atom continued
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Some exist in a cloud which surrounds a dense central core, nucleus. the subatomic particles are protons, nuetrons, electrons.
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Carbohydrate
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compounds contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions. called sugars or starches.
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What are the 3 types of carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides, di and poly saccharides, mono are simple sugars, glucose. di & poly 2 or more simple sugars that r bonded togther through a synthesis
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Carrier protein
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Membrane protein that act as channels or carriers of molecules. Controlled transport of water-soluble molecules from one compartment to another
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cell marker
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protein molecules embedded in plasma membrane perform various functions; for ex they serve as markers that identify cells of each individual, as receptor molecules for certain hormones and other molecules, and as transport mechanisms
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channel protein
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i dont know
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Cholesterol
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steroid lipid in many body tissues, various steroid hormones
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Cytosol
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A watery fluid made inside cytoplasm
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Enzyme
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Fluids that speed the breakdown.Enzyme molecules that catalyze specific chemical reactions
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integral protein
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Hold cells in place in tissue in of the cell to the outside
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Molecules
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formed when 2 or more atoms join
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Nuclear membrane
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idk
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Organ system
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system level of organization can perform complex functons
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Organs
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organization of several different kinds of tissues to perform a special. represent discrete & functionally complex operational units. has a unique size shape appearance & placement in the body
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Peripheral protein
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proteins outside of the cell
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Phospholipid, nonpolar tail - polar-head
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primary structure of a cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules. have “heads” that are water soluble and double “tails” that are lipid soluble
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receptor protein
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that can react to the presence of hormones or other regulatory chemicals and thereby trigger metabolic changes in the cell
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rough ER
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Ribosomes attached to rough ER synthesize proteins that leave cells via the Golgi apparatus;
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Smooth ER
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smooth ER synthesizes lipids incorporated in cell membranes, steroid hormones, and certain carbohydrates used to form glycoproteins—also removes and stores Ca++ from the cell's interior
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How does cell structure relate to its function.
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cells exhibit a particular size or form because they are intended to perform a specialized activity.Muscle cells are specialized to contract or shorten
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List the main structural components of a typical cell
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Plasma membrane-separate cell from its surrounding environment. Cytoplasm thick like gel composed of numerous organelle. Nucleus - large membranous structure near the center of the cell
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List the functions of the plasma membrane
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Serves as boundary of the cell, maintains its integrity; protein molecules embedded in plsma membrane prform various functions; ex they serve as markers, as receptor molecules for certain hormones & othr molecules, and as transport mechanisms
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identify the organelles by name
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Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes, Golgi aparatus, lysosomes, proteasomes, peroxisomes, mitochondra,
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give 1 function of each of the organelles
2 answer cards |
rough ER ribosomes synthesize proteins, Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and carbs, Ribosomes make proteins for the cell's domestic use.
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give 1 function of each of the organelles` cont.
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Processes protein molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosomes The cells own digestive system. Proteasomes, break down abnormal/misfolded proteins & normal proteins no lngr ndd
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give 1 function of each of the organelles
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peroxisomes, detoxifies harmful substances that enter the cells. Mitochrondria, enzymes catalyze seris of oxidation reactions, tht provide 95/5 of cells energy supply
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Distinguish between membranous and non-membranous organelle
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Membranous - ER,Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes,Peroxisomes, Mitochondria ?
Non membranous- Ribosomes,Proteasomes?, |
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Describe the 3 types of fibers in the cytoskeleton
2 answer cards |
The smallest cell fibers are microfilaments & often serve as “cellular muscles.” They are made of thin, twisted strands of protein molecules and usually form bundles that lie parallel to the long axis of a cell.
intermediate filaments r twisted protein strands that are slightly thicker than microfilaments. Intermediate filaments are thought to form much of the supporting framework in many types of cells. |
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fibers in the cytoskeleton
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The thickest fibers r tiny, hollow tubes calld microtubules & r made of protein subunits arranged in a spiral fashion.r sometimes called the “engines” of the cell because they often move things around in the cell—or even cause movement of the entire cell.
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Describe the function of the centrosome
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is a region of the cytoplasm near the nucleus that coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell.
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Describe each of the typical types of cell junctions.
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answer card
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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4: Physiology of Cells |
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4: Physiology of Cells |
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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4: Physiology of Cells |
Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 4: Physiology of Cells |
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Active transport
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ff
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