Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

What is the basic structural unit of all plants and animals?

Back 1

Cell

Front 2

The outer covering of a cell, also called the plasma membrane

Back 2

Cell membrane

Front 3

Characteristic that allows some, but not all substances to pass through.

Back 3

Semipermeable

Front 4

The lobe of the cerebrum that aid in speech.

Back 4

Temporal lobe

Front 5

Increased venous return to the heart causes increased
A) stroke volume
B) preload
C) cardiac output
D) force of contraction
E) all of the above

Back 5

E) all of the above

Front 6

Action potentials pass rapidly from one cardiac muscle cell to another because of
A) intercalated disks and numerous gap junctions
B) large nerves with branches going to each cardiac muscle cell.
C) the large voltage of cardiac action potentials
D) the plateau phase of the action potential
E) open Ca2+ channels

Back 6

A) intercalated disks and numerous gap junctions

Front 7

During the period of ejection in the cardiac cycle, the atrioventricular valves are__________ and the semilunar valves are __________.
A) closed, closed
B) closed, open
C) open, closed
D) open, open

Back 7

B) closed, open

Front 8

Cerebrospinal fluid can be found in the:
A) occipital space
B) epidural space
C) subarachnoid space
D) pia matter space

Back 8

C) subarachnoid space

Front 9

When normal arterial blood pressure decreases, baroreceptors cause a response that
A) decreases heart rate
B) decreases stroke volume
C) returns blood pressure to normal
D) results in parasympathetic stimulation of the heart
E) all of the above

Back 9

C) returns blood pressure to normal

Front 10

Which of these conditions is most likely to cause bradycardia?
A) ectopic action potentials in the atria
B)damage to the tricuspid valve
C) excessive sympathetic stimulation
D) excessive parasympathetic stimulation
E) too much coffee

Back 10

D) excessive parasympathetic stimulation

Front 11

The second heart sound, described as "dupp" is actually the sound of the
A) atria closing
B) ventricles closing
C) atrioventricular valves closing
D) semilunar valves closing
E) heart slapping the liver

Back 11

D) semilunar valves closing

Front 12

Preload
A) is the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched
B) if increased, causes a decrease in cardiac output
C) is the pressure in the aorta which contracting ventricles must overcome
D) is part of the extrinsic regulation of the heart
E) all of these

Back 12

A) is the extent to which the ventricular walls are stretched

Front 13

If blood pH decreases and blood carbon dioxide increases,
A) heart rate increases
B) stroke volume decreases
C) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart occurs
D) the change is detected by chemoreceptors in the pulmonary arteries
E) all of these

Back 13

A) heart rate increases

Front 14

Cells that produce new cartilage matrix are called
A) chondroblasts
B) chondrocytes
C) chondroclasts
D) osteoblasts
E) fibroblasts

Back 14

A) chondroblasts

Front 15

Which of these locations does NOT contain red marrow in an adult?
A) ribs
B) skull
C) proximal femur
D) sternum
E) vertebrae

Back 15

B) skull

Front 16

What percent of the total body water is found within the intracellular compartment?

Back 16

75%

Front 17

25% of the total body water is found in what compartment?

Back 17

The extracellular compartment

Front 18

What are the different compartments where body fluid can be found?

Back 18

Intracellular compartment (largest)
Extracellular compartment
Intravascular compartment (division of the extracellular compartment)
Interstitial compartment (division of the extracellular compartment)

Front 19

Do infants have a higher percentage of total body water than adults or lower? Why?

Back 19

Infants have a higher percentage of TBW because infants have less fat than adults and because the extra water is needed to support the high metabolic rates associated with growth of infants.

Front 20

Define solvent

Back 20

A substance that disolves other substances forming a solution. Water is the universal solvent.

Front 21

Dehydration can be caused from which of the following:
A) Gastrointestional losses
B) Increased insensible loss
C) Increased sweating
D) Internal losses
E) All of the above

Back 21

E) All of the above
Dehydration can also be caused by plasma losses.

Front 22

What is the primary sign of overhydration?

Back 22

Edema

Front 23

What are ions with a positive charge called?

Back 23

Cations

Front 24

What are ions with a negative charge called?

Back 24

Anions

Front 25

What is the most prevalent cation in the extracellular fluid?

Back 25

Sodium (Na+)

Front 26

What is the most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid?

Back 26

Potassium (K+)

Front 27

_________ plays a major role in muscle contraction and nervous impulse transmission.

Back 27

Calcium (Ca++)

Front 28

What is the anion that plays a major role in fluid balance and renal function?

Back 28

Chloride (Cl-)

Front 29

What is known as the principal buffer?

Back 29

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) because it neutralizes the highly acidic hydrogen ion (H+) and other organic acids.

Front 30

What anion acts as a buffer primarily in the intracellular space.

Back 30

Phosphate (HPO4-)

Front 31

When solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane are equal in concentration, they are said to be:

Back 31

Isotonic

Front 32

The difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of the semipermeable membrane is called:

Back 32

The osmotic gradient

Front 33

Define active transport

Back 33

Movement of a ssubstance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; opposite the normal direction of diffusion.

Front 34

Diffusion and active transport differ in that:

Back 34

Diffusion is passive, while active transport requires the expenditure of energy.

Front 35

Diffusion of a substance through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper", or carrier protein is called:

Back 35

Facilitated diffusion

Front 36

The pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of the semipermeable membrane.

Back 36

Osmotic pressure

Front 37

Force that is exerted by the large proteins, or colloids, found in plasma.

Back 37

Oncotic force, or colloid osmotic pressure.

Front 38

Define dydrostatic pressure

Back 38

Blood pressure of force against vessel walls created by the heart beat.

Front 39

True or fales, the pH scale is inversely related to the hydrogen ion concentration in the blood.

Back 39

True

Front 40

The greater the ___________ ion concentration, the ___________ the pH.

Back 40

hydrogen, lower

Front 41

What is the normal pH range for humans?

Back 41

7.35-7.45

Front 42

Because hydrogen ions are acidic, a pH below 7.35 is referred to as:

Back 42

Acidosis

Front 43

Alkalosis is defined as a _______ concentration of hydrogenions or a pH ___________ 7.45.

Back 43

low, above

Front 44

What are the three mechanisms of hydrogen ion removal?

Back 44

Bicarbonate buffer system
Respiration
Kidney function

Front 45

Blood, bone marrow, the liver, the spleen, and the kidneys make up what system?

Back 45

The hematopoietic system

Front 46

True or false: Vellus hair is short, fine and lacking pigment (similar to "peach fuzz").

Back 46

True

Front 47

____________ hair is coarse, thick, and pigmented.

Back 47

Terminal hair. This type of hair is found on the eyebrows, scalp, armpits, groin, and on the faces and bodies of males.

Front 48

After birth, the _______ _____________ is the primary site of blood cell production and in adultood is the exclusive site of hematopoiesis.

Back 48

bone marrow

Front 49

What is the hormone produced in the kidneys, and to a lesser extent the liver, and is responsible for RBC production?

Back 49

Erythropoietin

Front 50

The _________, an important part of the immune system, has cells that scavenge abnormal blood cells and bacteria.

Back 50

spleen

Front 51

Blood volume is generally what percent of total body weight?
A) 3%
B) 24%
C) 6%
D) 29%

Back 51

C) 6%

Front 52

What are the major determinants of the blood volume?

Back 52

Red cell mass and plasma volume

Front 53

Compensatory mechanisms, including vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and increased contractility help maintain adequate ____________ _____________.

Back 53

tissue perfusion

Front 54

What are the 4 components of blood?

Back 54

Plasma, RBC's, WBC's, and platelets

Front 55

True or false: Plasma proteins perform functions such as blood clotting, dismantling clots, buffering the bloods pH balance, transporting and regulating the effects of hormones, and provides a source of energy.

Back 55

True

Front 56

Glucose can/cannot diffuse across most cell membranes without the assistance of insulin.

Back 56

cannot

Front 57

The oxygen-bearing molecule in the RBC is called:

Back 57

hemoglobin. It is made up of iron-rich red pigment called heme and a protein called globin.

Front 58

True or false: The lower the pH, the more redily hemoglobin will release oxygen.

Back 58

True

Front 59

True or false: Alkalosis makes hemogloin release oxygen more readily.

Back 59

False. Alkalosis, or a high pH, makes the hemoglobin bind more thightly to the oxygen molecules.

Front 60

A ______________ in pH, and an increase in body temperature will cause hemoglobin to _______________ oxygen.

Back 60

decrease, release

Front 61

True or false: In carbon monoxide poisoning oxygen molecules are released more readily.

Back 61

False. Carbon monoxide causes oxygen molecules to be held more tightly and this inhibits the release of oxygen into the peripheral tissues. This contributes to hypoxia, acidosis, and eventually shock.

Front 62

Define erythropoiesis

Back 62

Process of RBC production

Front 63

Define hemolysis

Back 63

Destruction of RBC's

Front 64

The trapping of RBC's by an organ such as the spleen is known as:

Back 64

sequestration

Front 65

____________ is the packed cell volume of RBC's per unit of blood.

Back 65

Hematocrit

Front 66

WBC's are called:

Back 66

leukocytes

Front 67

What is the primary function of WBC's?

Back 67

Protection from foreign invasion.

Front 68

Blood cells that are do not freely move within the blood stream, but instead are attached to the walls of the blood cells are said to be:

Back 68

marginated

Front 69

The process of _______________ causes marginated cells to return to the circulating blood in response to stress, corticosteroids, seizures, epinephrine, and exercise.

Back 69

demargination

Front 70

True or false: Marginated leukocytes leave the blood vessels through diapedesis.

Back 70

True. This enables leukocytes to squeeze between the cells lining the blood vessels and follow chemical signals to the site of infection.

Front 71

_______________ is the movement of WBC's in response to chemical signals.

Back 71

Chemotaxis

Front 72

______________ is the process by which WBC's engulf and destroy an invader.

Back 72

Phagocytosis

Front 73

White blood cell -blasts

Back 73

Myeloblasts
Monoblasts
Lymphoblasts

Front 74

What are the 3 categories of WBC's?

Back 74

Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

Front 75

What are the 3 classifications of granulocytes?

Back 75

Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils

Front 76

True or false: Eosinophils primarily function in allergic reactions.

Back 76

False. Basophils function in allergic reactions. Eosinophils inactivate the chemical mediators ao acute allergic reaction, therby modulating the anaphylactic response.

Front 77

What is the primary function of neutrophils?

Back 77

Fighting infection

Front 78

What are the "garbage collectors" of the immune system?

Back 78

Macrophages