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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four categories of tissue?
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Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular
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What is an organ?
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Structure with discrete boundaries composed of two or more tissue types.
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What is histology?
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The study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs.
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What is tissue?
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A group of similar cells and cell products arising from the same region of the embryo and work together to perform a specific structural or physiological role in the organ.
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What is matrix made of?
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Fibrous proteins and ground substance (extracellular fluid).
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What are the primary germ layers of embryonic tissue?
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Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm.
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What does ectoderm give rise to?
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Epidermis and nervous system
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What does endoderm give rise to?
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Mucus membrane lining digestive and respiratory tract, digestive glands, etc.
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What does mesoderm give rise to?
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Mesenchyme, which becomes muscle, bone, and blood.
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What does mesenchyme come from?
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Mesoderm.
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What is mesenchyme composed of?
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Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix.
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What is sectioning?
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Reduces three-dimensional structure to two-dimensional slice.
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What is fixative?
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Prevents decay (formalin).
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What is a histological section?
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Thin slice of tissue one or two cells thick.
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What does stain do?
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Artificially colors tissue samples.
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Longitudinal section
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Tissue cut along long direction of organ.
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Cross or transverse section
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Tissue cut perpendicular to length of organ
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Oblique section
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Tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections
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Smear
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Tissue rubbed or spread across slide
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Example of smear tissue?
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Spinal cord or blood
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Spread
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Cobwebby tissue laid out on slide
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Example of spread tissue?
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Areolar tissue
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Composition of epithelial tissue?
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Flat sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick
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Location of epithelial tissues?
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Body surface and lining of body cavities, external and internal linings of many organs, most glands
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How does epithelial tissue get nourishment and remove waste?
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Rests on layer of loose connective tissue, relying on its blood vessels.
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Do epithelial tissues have blood vessels?
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No
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What are the layers of epithelial tissue?
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Basement membrane, Basal surface, Apical surface.
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What is the composition of the basement membrane?
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Collagen, Laminin, Fibronectin, Heparin sulfate
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What does the basement membrane do?
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Anchors epithelium to connective tissue below it
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What is the basal surface?
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Surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane.
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What is the apical surface?
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Surface of an epithelial cell that faces away from the basement membrane.
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What are the two broad categories of epithelial tissue?
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Simple epithelium and stratified epithelium
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What are the characteristics of simple epithelium?
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One layer of cells, named by cell shape, all cells touch basement membrane.
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What are the characteristics of stratified epithelium?
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More than one cell layer, named by shape of apical cells, some cells rest on others and don’t touch basement membrane.
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What are the four types of simple epithelia?
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Simple squamous, Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar, Pseudostratified columnar.
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What are goblet cells?
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Wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia.
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What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?
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Single row of thin cells, Rapid diffusion or transport of substances, secretes serous fluid
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Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
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Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, serosa
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What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?
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Single layer of square or round cells, absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement
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Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
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Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, kidney tubules
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What are the characteristics of simple columnar epithelium?
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Single row of tall, narrow cells, oval nuclei in basal half of cell, brush border of microvilli, ciliated in some organs, may possess goblet cells, absorption and secretion, secretion of mucus
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Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
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Lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes
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What are the characteristics of pseudostratified epithelium?
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Looks multilayered but isn’t, nuclei at several layers, has cilia and goblet cells, secretes and propels mucus
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Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?
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Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra
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What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelia?
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Keratinized and nonkeratinized
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Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
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Skin, especially thick on palms and soles
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Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?
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Tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina
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What are the characteristics of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
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Two or more square or round cell layers, secretes sweat, sperm production, ovarian hormone production
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Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
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Sweat gland ducts, ovarian follicles, seminiferous tubules
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What are the characteristics of transitional epithelium?
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Multilayered surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched, allows for filling of urinary tract
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Where is transitional epithelium found?
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Ureter and bladder
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What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
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Binds organs together, supports and protects organs, highly vascular, cells usually occupy less space than cellular matrix
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What are the components of fibrous connective tissue?
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Cells, Fibers, Ground substance
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What types of cells are in fibrous connective tissue?
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Fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes
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What types of fibers are in fibrous connective tissue?
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Collagenous, reticular, elastic
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What molecules are in ground substance?
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Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycan, adhesive glycoproteins
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What are the two major types of fibrous connective tissue?
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Loose and Dense
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What are the types of loose connective tissue?
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Areolar and Reticular
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Where is areolar tissue found?
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Under epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
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Where is reticular tissue found?
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Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
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What are the two types of dense connective tissue?
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Regular and irregular
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Where is dense regular connective tissue found?
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Tendons attaching muscles to bones, ligaments attaching bones together
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Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
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Deeper layer of skin, capsules around organs
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What is the visual difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?
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Dense regular is packed closely into wavy sheets, dense irregular is randomly arranged
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What is the purpose of adipose tissue?
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Thermal insulation, body contours, cushioning, energy
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What are the characteristics of cartilage?
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Flexible, no blood vessels
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What is the composition of cartilage?
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Chondrocytes (chondroblasts in lacunae) and perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue surrounding elastic and most hyaline cartilage)
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What is the appearance of hyaline cartilage?
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Clear, glassy, usually covered with perichondrium
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Where is hyaline cartilage found?
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Articular cartilage, costal cartilage, trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton
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What is the purpose of hyaline cartilage?
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joint movement, open airway, move vocal cords
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Where is elastic cartilage found?
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External ear, epiglottis
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Where is fibrocartilage?
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Pubic symphysis, menisci, intervertebral discs
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What is the purpose of elastic cartilage?
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Flexible, elastic support
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What is the purpose of fibrocartilage?
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Resist compression, absorb shock
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What is another word for bone?
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Osseous tissue
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What are the two kinds of bone?
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Spongy and compact
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Where is spongy bone found?
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Heads of long bones, middle of flat bones
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How is compact bone arranged?
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In cylinders that surround central (haversian/osteonic) canals, bone matrix deposited in concentric lamella around central canal
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What are the components of bone?
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Osteon, Osteocytes, canaliculi, periosteum
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What is the osteon?
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Central canal and surrounding lamellae (bone)
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What is the osteocyte?
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mature bone cells occupying lacunae (bone)
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What are the canaliculi?
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Canals radiating from lacuna to neighbors, allows contact between osteocytes (bone)
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What is the periosteum?
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Tough, fibrous connective tissue covering whole bone
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What are the components of blood?
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Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, platelets
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What do RBCs do?
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Transport O2 and CO2
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What do WBCs do?
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Protect against infection
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What do platelets do?
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Blood clotting
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What is membrane potential?
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Electrical charge difference across plasma membranes, basis for excitation
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What are the components of nervous tissue?
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Neurons and neuroglia
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What are the parts of the neuron?
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Neurosoma, Dendrites, Axon
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Which is longer, axon or dendrite?
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Axon
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What is the purpose of muscular tissue?
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Exert force on other tissues and organs, create movement, body heat
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What are the types of muscle?
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Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
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What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
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Long, threadlike fibers; most attach to bone; multiple nuclei; striations; voluntary
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Where are skeletal muscles NOT attached to bone?
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tongue, upper esophagus, face, sphincter muscles
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Where is cardiac muscle found?
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The heart
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What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
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Striated, involuntary, intercalated discs (dark bands joining cardiocytes)
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Where is smooth muscle found?
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Digestive, respiratory, urinary tracts
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What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
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Short fusiform cells, no striation, involuntary
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What are the types of cell junction?
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Tight junction, desmosomes, gap junctions
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What is a tight junction?
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Adjacent cells bound together by fused membranes, substances can’t pass between them
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What is a desmosome?
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Patch holding cells together
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What is a gap junction?
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Ringlike connexion formed from six transmembrane proteins shaped like orange segments. Allow passage of ions, amino acids, glucose
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What is a gland?
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Cell or organ secreting substances for use elsewhere in the body, or releases substances for elimination
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What is an exocrine gland?
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Has contact with body surface via a duct
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What is an endocrine gland?
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Has no surface contact or ducts, secretes hormones directly into blood
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What is a stroma?
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Connective tissue framework of a gland
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What is parenchyma?
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Cells performing synthesis and secretion
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What are the types of secretions?
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Serous, mucous, mixed, cytogenic
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Where are merocrine glands found?
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Tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands
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Where are apocrine glands found?
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Axillary sweat glands, mammary glands
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Where are holocrine glands found?
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Oil glands of scalp, eyelids
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What is the largest membrane?
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Cutaneous (skin)
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What is the composition of cutaneous membrane?
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Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) over connective tissue (dermis)
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Where is mucous membrane found?
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Passages that open to external environment
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Where is serous membrane found?
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Covers organs, lines walls of body cavities
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Where is synovial membrane found?
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Lines joint cavities
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What is hyperplasia?
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Tissue growth by multiplication
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What is hypertrophy?
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Tissue growth by increasing size of cells
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What is neoplasia?
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Development of a tumor
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What is differentiation?
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Specialization of cells
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What is metaplasia?
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Changing from one mature tissue type to another
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What are stem cells?
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Undifferentiated cells that do not yet have any specified function
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What is developmental plasticity?
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Diversity of mature cell types arising from stem cells
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What are totipotent stem cells?
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Can develop into any type of fully differentiated cell
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What are pluripotent stem cells?
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Can develop into any type of cell in the embryo
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What is fibrosis?
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Replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue
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