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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anterior
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Front
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Posterior
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Back
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Lateral view
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Side view
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Ventral
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Belly side
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Dorsal
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Back side
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Medial
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Closer to the midline
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Lateral
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Farther from the midline
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Superior
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Above
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Inferior
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Below
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Superficial
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Closer to the surface
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Deep
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Farther from the surface
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Proximal
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Closer to the body attachment
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Distal
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Farther from the body attachment
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Palmar
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Palm of the hand
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Dorsal
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Back of the hand
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Plantar
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Sole of the foot
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Dorsal - part of foot
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Top of the foot
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The foot is _______________ to the knee.
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Distal
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The knee is _____________to the foot.
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Proximal
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The skull is _______________ to the brain.
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Superficial
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The brain is _______________ to the skull.
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Deep
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The eyes are _______________to the mouth.
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Superior
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The mouth is _______________to the eyes.
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Inferior
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The heart is ________________to the sternum.
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Deep
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The sternum is _____________to the heart.
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Superficial
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Dorsal Body Cavity - sub cavities
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Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity |
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Ventral body cavity
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thoracic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity |
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Organs in the cranial cavity
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Brain
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Organs in the vertebral cavity
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Spinal cord
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Spell vertebral
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v e r t e b r a l
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Organs in the ventral body cavity are collectively referred to as the
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viscera or visceral organs
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Spell viscera
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v i s c e r a
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Thoracic cavity - superior subdivision
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pleural cavity
pericardial cavity |
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Pleural cavity - where and what organs
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superior subdivision of the thoracic cavity
Lungs |
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Pericardial cavity - where and what organs
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superior subdivision of the thoracic cavity
Heart |
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What separates the abdominal and thoracic cavity?
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Diaphragm
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Spell pleural
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p l e u r a l
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Spell pericardial
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p e r i c a r d i a l
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Spell diaphragm
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D i a p h r a g m
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Abdominal cavity is superior to the _______________ cavity
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pelvic
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Organs of the abdominal cavity
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stomach, liver, intestines and other organs
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Organs of the pelvic cavity
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urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum
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The abdomen and pelvis are _______________
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continuous
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Tissues
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Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue Muscular tissue Nervous tissue |
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Spell epithelial
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e p i t h e l i a l
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Epithelial tissue - where
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free surfaces of the body
lines body cavities and ducts gives rise to glands |
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Connective tissue - function
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protects and supports the body
binds structures together |
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Muscular tissue - function
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designed to contract and produce movement
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Nervous tissue - function
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initiates and transmits information that coordinates body activities
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Epithelial tissues form
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sheets of cells
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What tissue forms sheets of cells
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Epithelial tissue
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Epithelia - 2 functional subtypes
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coverings and linings
glandular epithelia |
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Epithelial linings are associated with ___________.
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The lumen in an organ or tube
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What type of tissue is associated with the lumen in an organ or tube?
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Epithelial tissue
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What is a lumen?
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hollow space
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Spell lumen
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l u m e n
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Epithelial tissue coverings and linings do what?
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protect, absorb, or filter
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What type of cell protects, absorbs and filters?
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Epithelial tissue coverings and linings
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What do glandular epithelia do?
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Produce secretions that may protect or provide lubrication
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What type of tissue produces secretions that protect or provide lubrication?
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glandular epithelia
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Structure of epithelial tissues - general
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closely packed cells with little intercellular material
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Does epithelial tissue have a lot or a little intercellular material?
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little
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How are epithelial tissues attached to adjacent cell membranes?
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Specialized cell junctions
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How many layers in epithelial tissue?
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single or multiple
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How are epithelial tissues arranged?
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continuous sheets
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How large is the epithelial extracellular basement membrane?
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thin
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On what does the structural arrangement of epithelial tissue depend?
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locations and functions
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Simple epithelia are found where?
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linings in areas specialized for secretion, absorption, or filtration
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How are epithelia in linings arranged?
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in a single layer
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Stratified epithelia consist of _________ layers of cells
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several
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What type of epithelia consists of several layers of cells
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stratified epithelia
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Types of Epithelial tissue
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Simple
Stratified Pseudostratified |
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spell stratified
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s t r a t i f i e d
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Pseudostratified epithelium structure
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single layer of cells not all of which reach the free surface - has a mutilayered appearance
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Types of Epithelial tissue by cell shape
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Squamous
Cuboidal Columnar |
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Squamous epithelial cells - shape
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flat
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Squamous epithelial cells - appearance
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fried eggs attached to each other in a mosaic fashion
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Cuboidal epithelial cells - shape
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about as wide as they are tall
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Cuboidal epithelial cells - appearance
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square or hexagonal in cross section
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Columnar epithelial cells - shape
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tall and thin like columns
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Columnar epithelial cells - appearance
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rectangular, nuclei tend to be located toward the basement membrane
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spell squamous
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s q u a m o u s
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spell cuboidal
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c u b o i d a l
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spell columnar
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c o l u m n a r
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Surface markings of the bones - list and spell
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Acetabulum
Condyle Facet Foramen Fossa Fovea Lacuna Lamina Meatus Process Ramus Sinus Suture Symphysis Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity |
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Acetabulum
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cup like cavity
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Condyle
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rounded projection articulated with another bone
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Facet
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a smooth, flat surface for articulation
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Foramen
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a hole or opening in a bone
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Fossa
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a depression
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Fovea
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a pit
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Lacuna
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a little depression or cavity
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Lamina
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a thin layer or flat plate
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Meatus
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a canal or opening
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Process
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a prominence or projection
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Ramus
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a branch
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Sinus
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an air-filled cavity
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Suture
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an immovable fibrous joint
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Symphysis
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a joint that connects two bones with a fibrous joint
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Trochanter
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a large blunt process
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Tubercle
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a small rounded process
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Tuberosity
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a broad process on a bone
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Types of connective tissue
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Osseous
Hyaline cartilage Dense regular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue Adipose connective tissue Blood |
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What glands arise from epithelia during fetal development?
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endocrine and exocrine glands
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Salivary or Mammary glands are examples of what kind of glands.
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Exocrine
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Name two exocrine glands
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Salivary or Mamary
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___________ have tubes or ducts that reach the free surface.
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exocrine glands
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Name two endocrine glands
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thyroid or pancreas
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Where do endocrine glands secrete?
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directly into surrounding blood vessels.
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Which tissues are the most abundant in the body?
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connective
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connective tissues are ____________.
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Highly vascular
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Which tissues are highly vascular?
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connective tissues
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Connective tissues consist of an __________, containing ____________.
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extensive matrix
widely scattered cells |
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Which type of tissue has an extensive matrix and widely scattered cells.
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connective
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Intercellular matrix in connective tissue ranges from __________ to __________.
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liquid in blood
solid in bone |
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Connective tissue function
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protect
bind support separate structures |
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Does adult connective tissue exist at birth?
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Yes
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Types of Connective tissue
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CT proper
cartilage osseous tissue vascular tissue (blood) |
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Types of CT proper
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areolar
adipose dense |
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What classification of tissue are the following, areolar, adipose, dense.
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Connective tissue
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What type of tissue is hyaline cartilage?
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Connective tissue
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How are bones classified by shape
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Long
short flat irregular |
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What are the three subdivisions of the axial skeleton
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skull
thorax vertebral column |
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Thorax
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sternum
rib cage costal cartilages |
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the axial skeleton articulates with the appendicular skeleton at the _________ and __________
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Pectoral (shoulder)
Pelvic girdles |
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Axial skeleton list
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Skull
hyoid bone sternum costal cartilages rib cage vertebral column sacrum pelvic girdle pectoral girdle |
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The skull - sutures
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Coronal suture
Squamosal suture Sagittal suture Lambdoidal suture |
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Spell Squamosal
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S q u a m o s a l
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Spell Lambdoidal
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L a m b d o i d a l
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8 bones of the cranium
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frontal
sphenoid parietal occipital temporal ethmoid |
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What joint articulates with the mandibular fossa and the condylar process - spell it
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temporomandibular
t e m p o r o m a n d i b u l a r |
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Facial Bones
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Maxillae
Palatine zygomatic lacrimal nasal vomer inferior nasal conchae mandible |
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Vertebral column - regions/ how many bones
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Cervical curvature - 7
Thoracic curvature - 12 Lumbar curvature - 5 sacral curvature - 5 Coccyx - 4 |
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Common vertebrae structures
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spinous process
lamina transverse process pedicle vertebral foramen superior articular process |
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Epithelial tissue - what type
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lining
covering glandular tissue |
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Glandular Epithelial tissue forms
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glands
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Covering and lining epithelial tissue covers
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all free body surfaces
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Covering and lining epithelial tissue contains
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versatile cells
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skin is made up of what kind of tissue
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epithelial
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What forms boundaries that separate us from the outside world
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Epithelial tissue
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Epithelial functions
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protect, absorb, filter, secrete
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Special characteristics of Epithelium
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Except for glandular - fit close together in sheets
one free unattached surface basement membrane No blood supply of their own epithelial cells regenerate easily |
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Apical surface
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found in epithelial cells
exposed to exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ can exhibit cell modifications like microvilli or cilia |
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Classification of epithelium
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simple
stratified |
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Simple epithelia - function
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absorption, secretion and filtration
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Simple epithelia - list
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Simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Simple squamous epithelium - where
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air sacs in lungs
walls of capillaries Ventral body cavity and cover organs in the cavity |
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What type of tissue are serous membranes?
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Simple squamous epithelium
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What type of membranes line ventral body cavity and cover organs in the cavity
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serous membranes
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simple cuboidal epithelium - where
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glands and their ducts
walls of the kidney tubules surface of the ovaries |
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Similar structural pattern of vertebrae
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Body
Vertebral arch vertebral foramen Transverse Process Spinous Process Superior and inferior articular process |
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Types of Cervical Vertebrae
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Atlas (C1)
Axis (C2) Typical (C3-C7) |
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Which vertebrae has no body
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C1 - Atlas
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Describe the joint that allows you to nod "yes"
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The superior surface of the atlas' (C1) transverse process contain large depressions that receive the occipital condyles of the skull.
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Describe the joint that allows you to rotate your head side to side to indicate "no".
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The large upright process called the dens in the axis (C2) acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas and skull above.
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THe joint between ____________, allows you to rotate your head side to side
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C1 and C2
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What is the dens?
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large upright process in the C2
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Which are the smallest and lightest vertebrae
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cervical
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Which vertebrae have short spinous process?
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cervical
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Cervical vertebrae have long or short spinous process?
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short
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The transverse process of the cervical vertebrae contain ___________ through which the ______________ pass.
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foramen
vertebral arteries |
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Foramen in vertebrae
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Cervical
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Does a thoracic vertebrae have a foramen?
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No only cervical
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Thoracic Vertebrae articulate with the
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ribs
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heart-shaped vertebral body
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Thoracic vertebrae
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Thoracic vertebrae have two
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coastal facets
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Coastal facets articulate with
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the heads of the ribs
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Which part of what vertebrae articulates with the ribs?
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Coastal Facets
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The transverse process of each _______ vertebrae articulate with the _________ of the ribs
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Thoracic
tubercles |
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Describe the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae.
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long and hooks sharply downward - looks like a giraffe's head
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Lumbar vertebrae - body
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massive block-like body
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Lumbar vertebrae - spinous process
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short hatchet shaped - look like a moose head
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Where is the most stress on the vertebral column?
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lumbar region - sturdiest vertebrae
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