Anatomy Forelimb Joints

Front 1

What stabalizes the shoulder joint?

Back 1

No ligaments

Stablizied by tendons of:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
teres minor
biceps brachiii

Front 2

The shoulder joint is normally _____ at ___ degrees.

Back 2

Shoulder joint is normally flexed at 115 degrees.

Front 3

Movements of the shoulder joint

Back 3

Flexion & extension
some abduction, adduction & rotation

Front 4

Bones of elbow (cubital) joint

Back 4

Distal end of humerus (condyle),

Fovea capitis of head of radius,

trochlear notch of ulna

Front 5

Ligaments of the elbow joint

Back 5

Med & Lat collateral ligaments

Front 6

Where do the med. & lat. collateral ligaments of the elbow extend?

Back 6

From epicondyles of humerus to corresponding tuberosities of radius

Front 7

Movements of elbow

Back 7

Flexion & extension
other movements (rotation, abduction, adduction) are hardly permitted

Front 8

Where do you give injections in the elbow joint?

Back 8

Cranial & caudal to the lateral collateral ligament

Front 9

Does the ulnar bone participate in the carpus joint?

Back 9

No

Front 10

Proximal row of carpal bones include..

Back 10

radial intermediate,
ulnar carpals

Front 11

Bones of the carpus joint

Back 11

-Distal end of the radio-ulnar segment (ulna not participating)

-prox. row of carpal bones (radial intermediate, ulnar carpals) also acc. carpal

-distal row of carpal bones (1,2,3,4)

-prox. end of metacarpal

Front 12

Which carpal bone may be missing or very small?

Back 12

Distal row--1st carpal

Front 13

What are the main joints of the carpus?

Back 13

1. Radiocarpal (antebrachiocarpal)

2. middle carpal

3. carpometacarpal

Front 14

Where are the intercarpal joints found?

Back 14

Between the carpal bones of each row

Front 15

What forms the carpal canal?

Back 15

Palmar part of the carpus joint capsule, along with acc. carpal bone

Front 16

Does the carpus have an accessory ligament?

Back 16

Yes, but not in all horses.

It is a middle or distal extension of the palmar part of the joint capsule that is attached to the DDF tendon

Front 17

What goes through the carpal canal?

Back 17

Digital flexor tendons

Front 18

Which synovial sac of the carpus is the largest and allows for max. movement?

Back 18

Radiocarpal sac

Front 19

Which carpal sacs communicate?

Back 19

Middle carpal sac & carpometacarpal sac

Front 20

Ligaments of the carpus are..

Back 20

-med. & lat. collateral ligaments

-accessory capal bone ligaments (prox, middle, distal)

-number of short ligaments uniting adjacent carpal bones

Front 21

Where do the med & lat. collateral ligaments of the carpus run?

Back 21

Long, xtend between radius & metacarpals

Front 22

What do the med & lat collateral ligaments of the carpus do

Back 22

Unite bones of carpus on each side

Front 23

The acessorioulnar (AU) ligament connects what?

Back 23

Accesory carpal bone to ulnar carpal

Front 24

The accessorioquartal (AQ) ligament connects what?

Back 24

Accesory carpal bone to 4th carpal

Front 25

The accessoriometacarpal (AM) ligament connects what?

Back 25

Acc. carpal bone & lateral splint (IV) bone

Front 26

Movements of carpus joint?

Back 26

Mainly flexion (90 degrees) & extension,
some abduction & adduction

Front 27

The main movements are in which joints of the carpus?

Back 27

Radiocarpal & middle carpal joints

Front 28

Why does the carpometacarpal joint have little movement?

Back 28

Bound by ligaments

Front 29

When ____, the two proximal joint cavities of the carpus open relativley widley. How is this liable to damage?

Back 29

When FLEXING, the two proximal joint cavities open relativley wide.

Liable to damage when animal falls on flexed carpus

Front 30

What should be done to the carpus to make injections easiest & to avoid articular cartilage damage?

Back 30

Injections into radiocarpal & middle carpal sacs easily preformed when carpus is held in flexion
(joint cavities open & grooves overlyming them can be palpated)

Front 31

What is the most frequently damaged/stressed joint of the forelimb?
What joint is second?

Back 31

1st-->fetlock
2nd-->coffin

Front 32

Classify fetlock joint

Back 32

Synovial, hinge

Front 33

Bones of fetlock joint

Back 33

-distal end of metacarpal (cannon) bone

-prox. end of P1

-proximal sesamoid bones

Front 34

Why are the prox. sesamoid bones a very important component of the fetlock joint?

Back 34

Ligaments attaching to it act as slingsto help support the fetlock

Front 35

Where do the prox. sesamoid bones lies?

Back 35

On distal end of cannon bone

NO DIRECT ARTICULATION WITH P1

Front 36

Where does the fetlock joint capsule extend?

Back 36

Projects proximally between the cannon bone & interosseus muscle on palmar surface

Front 37

Where do you inject the fetlock joint?

Back 37

Between cannon bone & interosseus muscle (med. or lat)

Front 38

What are "articular windgalls", "windpuffs" or "galls"?

Back 38

Pathological distention of fetlock joint capsule

Front 39

Ligaments of the fetlock are..

Back 39

-sesamoidian ligaments
-collateral ligaments

Front 40

What is the orgin of the interosseus muscle?

Back 40

proximal part of palmar surface of cannon bone

Front 41

Where does the interosseus muscle divide into 2?

Back 41

At distal 1/4 of cannon bone

Front 42

What is the insertion of the interosseus muscle?

Back 42

Each divison insets on abaxial surface of proximal sesamoid bone & detaches an oblique dorsal brac-->extensor slip

Front 43

Where does the extensor slip go?

Back 43

To the common digital extensor tendon over dorsal surface of P1

Front 44

What are the functions of the sesmoidian ligaments of the fetlock?

Back 44

-support the fetlock

-prevent over-extension (dorsal flexion) of jt when foot on ground

-dorsal branch limits flexion of joint & prevents DDF tendon from flexing joint as a result of tension on it, when limb is on ground & jt is extended

Front 45

Where do the intersesmoidan ligaments extend?

Back 45

Extend between the 2 proximal sesamoid bones

Front 46

What do the collateral (med & lat) sesmoidean ligaments attach?

Back 46

attach sides of prox. sesamois bones to metacarpal condyles & prox. tubercles of P1

Front 47

Where does the superficial (straight) sesomidean ligament run?

Back 47

extends from sesamoid bones & intersesmoidean ligament to fibrocartilage lip on palmar aspect of P2

Front 48

Where does the middle (oblique) sesamoidean ligaments extend?

Back 48

From bases of sesamoid bones to palmar surface of P1

Front 49

where do the deep (cruciate) sesamoidean ligaments run?

Back 49

2 bands of fiber crossing eachother from bases of seamoids to opposite eminence on P1

Front 50

Where do the short sesmoidian ligaments run

Back 50

2 ligs running from axial sides of bases of seamoid bones-->abaxial side of P1

Front 51

What assists the interosseus muscle in support of the fetlock joint?

Back 51

Distal sesamoidean ligaments

Front 52

What prevents buckling forward of pastern joint when foot hits ground?

Back 52

SDF tendon & oblique sesamoidian ligament

Front 53

Desribe med & lat collateral ligaments of fetlock joint

Back 53

each divided into 2 layers-->superficial & deep

-deep is shorter & stronger & covered by superficial layer

Front 54

What happens if there is rupture of interosseus muscle?

Back 54

Fetlock sinks

Front 55

What happens if there is rupture of SDF tendon?

Back 55

Fetlock sinks slightly

Front 56

What happens if sections of both digital flexor & interoscios muscles are ruptured?

Back 56

Complete grounding (collapse) of fetlock

Front 57

Where is the complemetary fibrocartilage found?

Back 57

On proximal part of palmar surface of P2

Front 58

What does the complementary fibrocartilage do?

Back 58

Enlarges pastern joint cavity & helps support joint

Front 59

Ligaments of pastern joint

Back 59

Med & lat. collateral ligaments,

Med& Lateral palmar ligaments

Front 60

Where do the palmar ligaments of the pastern joint extend?

Back 60

From distal end of P1 to complementary fibrocartilage of P2

Front 61

Movements of pastern

Back 61

Flexion & extension

Front 62

Bones of the coffin joint

Back 62

-distal end of P2
-prox end of P3
-navicular bone (aka distal sesamoid)
-cartilages of P3 (med & lat.)

Front 63

What are the cartilages of P3 made of in young? adults?

Back 63

Young-->hylaine
Adults-->fibrocartialge

Front 64

Where are the pouches of the joint capsule of the coffin joint found?

Back 64

-mid P2 region
-below navicular bone
(jt vulnerable at these positions)

Front 65

Ligaments of coffin joint

Back 65

-ligaments from phalanges to cartilages of P2
-collateral ligaments (med & lat)
-collateral ligaments of navicular bone (med. & lat.)
-distal sesamoidean (naviular) inmpar ligament

Front 66

List ligaments of coffin joint, from phalanges to cartilages of P3

Back 66

1. chondrocompedal (chondrocompedalia)-->from P1 to cartilage of P3

2. chondrocoronal (coronalia)-->P2 to cartilage

3. chondroungular (ungularia)-->P3 to cartilages)

Front 67

The body wt is transmitted to the forelimb via what muscle?

Back 67

Serratus ventralis m. (attaches to facies serrata of scapula)

Front 68

Verticle line (in mid facies serrata of scapula drops where relative to joints?

Back 68

-caudal to shoulder

-through elbow joint

-cranial to distal joints

Front 69

The forelimb requires support to avoid collapre on ____ of shoulder & elbow joints.

Back 69

Forelimb requires support to avoid collapse on FLEXION of shoulder & elbow joints

Front 70

The forelimb requires support to avoid collapse on _____ of the distal joints.

Back 70

Forelimb requires support to avoid collapse on overextension of distal joints

Front 71

Where does the body weight rest in the hindlimb?

Back 71

Head of femur

Front 72

Vertical line from head of femur drops where in relation to the joints?

Back 72

-caudal to stifles
-cranial to distal joints

Front 73

Without support of the hindlimb, the limb collapses on ____ of stifle & hock.

Back 73

Without support of hindlimb, the limb collapses on FLEXION of stifle & hock joints.

Front 74

Without support of the hindlimb collapses with ____ of the distal joints.

Back 74

OVEREXTENSION OF DISTAL JOINTS

Front 75

What prevents OVER EXNTENSION of the pastern joint?

Back 75

-palmar ligaments (short & tensed)

-superficial (straight) sesamoidean ligaments

Front 76

What prevents OVEREXTENSION of FETLOCK joint?

Back 76

-interosseus tendon

-prox. sesamoid bones

-seasamoidean ligaments

-digital flexor tendons & accessory ligaments also play a role

Front 77

What prevents OVEREXTENSION of the carpal joint?

Back 77

-flat nature of dorsal parts of articular surafaces of radiocarpal & mid-carpal joints

-palmar carpal ligament (holding composite joints together)

Front 78

The elbow joint is fixed by the _____ _____ at this joint.

Back 78

The elbow joint is fixed by the body wt at the joint, acting through the radius distalward

Front 79

What are the important factors preventing the collapse of the elbow joint?

Back 79

Tonic activity of tricpes brachii m.


collateral ligaments
flexor muscles (SDF, flexor carpis ulnaris, ulnaris lateralis)

Front 80

What does radial nerve paralysis cause?

Back 80

Collapse of forelimb

Front 81

The collarteral ligaments of the elbow joint are "eccentric". what does thismean?

Back 81

They are caudal to axis of rotation of the joint

Front 82

True or false: The collateral ligaments of the elobow are tensed in normal standing & must be stretched to permit flexion of joint.

Back 82

True

Front 83

The ___ ___ are also tensed in normal standing.

Back 83

Flexor muscles of elbow jt:
superficial digital felxor
flexor carpis ulnaris
ulnaris lateralis

Front 84

Ture or false: the elbow joint is also close packed.

Back 84

True

Front 85

What prevents collapse of the shoulder joint?

Back 85

highly tendinous biceps brachiii m.,

extensor carpi radialis m,

rendinous lactertus fibrosus

Front 86

What prevents flexion of the shoulder?

Back 86

Tensed biceps brachii muscle, as its distal attachment (radius( & attachment of extenspor carpi radialis (metacapral bone) are fixed by the body wt

Front 87

The structures of the stay appparatus below the ____ are similar in both limbs

Back 87

Below the hock

Front 88

The structures of the stay appartaus below the hock are similar in both limbs, but what may be weak or absent in the hindfoot?

Back 88

Accessory ligaments

Front 89

What can make up for the deficiceny of the accesory ligaments in the hindfoot?

Back 89

Attachment of SDF to point of hock

Front 90

While one limb bearing the weight is in "lock", what is the other limb doing?

Back 90

Rests on tip (toe) of the hoof