Anatomy Ii: Abdominal Cavity Horse

Front 1

Because of close proximity opening / exit the lesser curvature forms a ______.

Back 1

deep angular notch

~it is flexed

Front 2

musculoaponeurotic boundary of the external oblique m. may be evident, especially in horses suffering from _________?

What vein might be visible on?

Back 2

heaves ---heave line (expiratory difficulty)

superficial thoracic (spur) vein

Front 3

transverse abdominal m. passes over (dorsal to) the rectus abdominis m. to insert on _____ which is _____.

Back 3

transverse abdominal m. passes over (dorsal to) the rectus abdominis m. to insert on LINEA ALBA.

~which is strong and supportive, and relatively avascular.

Front 4

parts of greater omentum

Back 4

greater omentum:
1. gastrophrenic ligament: from greater curvature to crura of diaphragm
2. gastrosplenic ligament: from stomach to spleen
3. lienorenal (renosplenic) ligament - attaches the left kidney to the spleen.

Front 5

Name thick fibroelastic sheet of tissue overlying the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, attached to rib cage and tuber coxae

Back 5

Deep fascia becomes yellow abdominal tunic

Front 6

how many pyloric sphincters?

Back 6

2 (cranial/caudal) are also well
developed, especially that
(caudal) guarding the narrow
pyloric exit.

Front 7

margo plicatus

Back 7

margo plicatus:
- divides distal glandular mucosa from proximal non- glandular, abrasive mucosa
- Gastrophilus intestinalis larvae

Front 8

Oesophagus enters ___ curvature quite _____ at cardiac sphincter

Back 8

Oesophagus enters LESSER curvature quite <obliquely> at the cardiac sphincter, which is thick

Front 9

Contents of the inguinal canal include:

Back 9

* vaginal process, which is diverticulum of peritoneum go thr. vaginal ring
* Spermatic cord within cavity of vaginal process (vaginal tunic),
* external pudendal artery and vein,
* inguinal lymph vessels and nerves (present in both sexes)

Front 10

• Local anesthesia of flank by blocking ______ branches

Back 10

Local anesthesia of flank by blocking T13-L2 branches

Front 11

Identify parts of superficial (external) inguinal ring:

(be specific)

Back 11

mere slit in aponeurosis of external oblique m. (thus dividing it into the lateral and medial crura of the aponeurosis)

Front 12

What direction do external abdominal obliques go in?

Border of the internal oblique m. forms a _______?

Back 12

caudo-ventrally (hands in pockets)


caudoventral ridge.

Front 13

The blind sac of stomach, located above cardiac sphincter/ esophagus, is known as the ____

Back 13

saccus cecus (or blind sack)



Latin cecus means "blind"

Front 14

parts OMENTA:

what do these parts form or enclose?

Back 14

Greater and lesser; both along with the visceral surface of stomach, enclose the OMENTAL BURSA.
(entrance to bursa known as epiploic foramen)

Front 15

Where in abdominal cavity is stomach located?

Back 15

LEFT, dorsal of cranial part of abdominal cavity

Front 16

Duodenum is fixed by mesoduodenum to ______.

Back 16

Duodenum is fixed by mesoduodenum to DORSAL WALL, liver, right dorsal colon and base of the cecum.
(desc. on right side of abd. cavity, but asc. duodenum on left side)

Front 17

Name parts of duodenum and identifiable flexures.

Back 17

(1). Cranial part (sigmoid flexure), (2). descending, (3). caudal flexure (transverse duodenum) and (4). ascending parts]

Front 18

bile and pancreatic ducts open into what?

Back 18

The bile and pancreatic ducts both open into second curve of the SIGMOID part, opposite each other.
(openings form major and minor duodenal papillae)

Front 19

lateral, segmental sacculations of horse colon known as ?

Back 19

haustra

Front 20

longitudinal bands on horse colon

Back 20

taeni colli

Front 21

Another name for large colon?

Back 21

ascending colon

Front 22

Demarcates the beginning of large colon? location? direction

Back 22

CAECO-COLIC junction; at base of last rib, runs ventrally and cranially on right body wall and abdominal floor to the xiphoid area.

Front 23

Name parts of ascending (large) colon starting from origin:

Back 23

Right Ventral colon-sternal flexure - Left Ventral colon - pelvic flexure - Left Dorsal colon - diaphragmatic flexure - Right Dorsal colon.

Front 24

Right ventral colon starts where?
Runs in what direction?

Back 24

RVC starts at base of last rib, runs ventrally and cranially on right body wall and abdominal floor to xiphoid area.

Front 25

descending duodenum is related to the ___ and ___ passes around it.

Back 25

descending duodenum is related to the RIGHT kidney and the base of the CECUM (passes around it)

Front 26

What direction is duod. traveling before transverse duodenum? After transverse duodenum?

Back 26

*Desc..duodenum: travels caudally on right side

*Transv.duodenum (caudal flexure) makes U-turn.
*Ascending duodenum: travels cranially on left.

Front 27

where does duodenum end?

Back 27

Reaches the region of the left kidney, and it becomes the jejunum (at duodenojejunal flexure).

Front 28

Name flexures of duodenum, begins at origin with stomach.

Back 28

* Sigmoid flexure
* caudal flexure
* duodenojejunal flexure

Front 29

Jejunoileum is located where?

Back 29

mostly on left dorsal part of the abdominal cavity,
intermingled with small colon

Front 30

loops of small intestine (jejunoileum) are palpable in _______ of abdominal cavity

Back 30

jejunoileum palpable in dorso-caudal aspect of abdom. cavity

Front 31

epiploic foramen : Between ____ lobe of liver and _____ . And between ____ and _____vein.

Back 31

epiploic foramen : Between right lobe of liver and descending duodenum, and between caudal vena cava and portal vein.

fyi: epip.foramen is RIGHT side; found by lifting liver and placing fingers btw caudal v/c and portal v.

Front 32

____ can get strangulated at epiploic foramen.

Back 32

Loops of jejunum can get strangulated at epiploic foramen.

Front 33

Which lobe of liver atrophies with age? What happens as a consequence of this?

Back 33

As RIGHT lobe of liver atrophies, epiploic foramen enlarges with age.

~due to pressure on liver from right colon

Front 34

what shape is cecum? volume?

what connective structure extends from body cecum?

Back 34

like a coma; holds up to 30 liters

cecocolic fold

Front 35

cecum extends from?

how many taeni colli?

Back 35

base extends from pelvic inlet to apex at diaphragmatic area (xiphoid region).

4

Front 36

Does ventral surface of liver touch ventral abdominal cavity?

Back 36

No

Front 37

Base of cecum attached to :

Back 37

attached to right sublumbar region and to the right kidney

Front 38

Body of cecum located where:

Back 38

body runs ventrally on right flank , curves cranio-medially

Front 39

Which part of cecum is palpable via the rectum?

Back 39

base

Front 40

How many taeni colli R.ventral colon have? L. ventral colon?
(remember cecum has 4)
left dorsal?
right dorsal?
transverse?
small colon?

Back 40

RVC = 4
LVC = 4
LDC=1
RDC=3
Trans=2
SC=2

Front 41

diaphragmatic flexure is considered part of?

Back 41

end of left dorsal colon

Front 42

which parts of colon are palpable from rectum?

Back 42

left ventral, left dorsal, descending and

Front 43

widest part of colon?

Back 43

RIGHT DORSAL colon
Mostly within the thoracic cage.
Shortest but WIDEST.

Front 44

transverse colon:
attached to?
length?
shape?

Back 44

Funnel-shaped
Cranial to root of mesentery; very short
Attached to roof of body cavity.
Crosses median plane, hence the name.

Front 45

location of desc.colon?

Back 45

Descending colon (also the small colon)
from left kidney to left dorsal part of abdominal cavity to pelvic inlet region;

Front 46

Duodenocecostomy

Back 46

(side to side anastomosis of descending duodenum to base of the cecum in gastro – duodeno – jejunitis).

Front 47

loops of intestine

Back 47

volvulus

Front 48

What parts of colon is free-floating?
What does this mean for the horse?

Back 48

parts of the ascending colon are free floating
permits intestinal extension during surgery, but also causes twisting of loops of intestine (volvulus),

Front 49

ileal problem? cause?

Back 49

ileal impaction; reasons are not well understood, but thick-walled, and quite frequent

Front 50

Describe renal crest of equine kidney:

Back 50

Unipyramidal ridge (resulting from fused medullary pyramids) - a common renal crest

Front 51

Well developed renal crest fuse to form very well developed renal _____, which collects urine from _____.

Back 51

renal pelvis; which collects urine from two polar terminal recesses

Front 52

Evidence of kidney lobation shown by

Back 52

shown by blood vessels (interlobar arteries) only, but no external evidence

Front 53

Renal hilus

Back 53

opening into renal sinus (indentation) where ureter and renal vessels enter kidney
~basically it's part coming out

Front 54

Why is urine of equine urine turbid and slimy?

Back 54

Because of glands in renal pelvis and ureters which produce mucus - - so called *physiological albumin* (not pathological)

Front 55

URETERS on leaving kidneys, travel ____ toward pelvis, where situated on lateral part of the ____ (mare) or ___(stallion).
Travel toward bladder and ____ to the ducti deferentia in male

Back 55

Ureters travel along abdominal roof
*in pelvis situated on lateral part of the broad ligament (mare) or genital fold (stallion).
* Descend toward bladder VENTRAL to ducti deferens in male

Front 56

Renal artery is branch of?

Where do branches renal arteries enter kidney?

Back 56

Arises directly from aorta.

may break into a few branches which penetrate the ventral surface of the organ rather than the hilus

Front 57

Describe location of adrenal glands in comparison to kidneys:

Back 57

ADRENAL glands are on the medial side of the cranial poles of the kidneys.

Front 58

* rectum is a continuation of the ___.

*shape of rectum?

Back 58

Rectum is continuation of small colon, at pelvic inlet

* Sacculated initially but smooth, enlarged sac (ampulla), terminally.
Ampulla is retroperitoneal.

Front 59

medical condition in which part of intestine has invaginated into another section of intestine, similar to way in which parts of collapsible telescope slide into one another.[

Back 59

Intussusception

Front 60

what can happen at Ileo-cecal opening?

Back 60

Can have blockage.
Abnormally high peristalsis -> ileum telescopes into cecum (intussusception). Surgical remedy.

Front 61

Trocarization necessary when?

Back 61

useful to decompress distended abdomen
e.g. Ceco-colic opening :
Enlarged cranial part of base falls over, cranioventrally -> blockage of cecocolic orifice.

Front 62

Aside from ceco-colic opening, which of following most likely to get blockage:
- sternal flexure
- pelvic flexure
- transverse colon
- diaphragmatic flexures

Back 62

- pelvic flexure
- transverse colon
- sternal & diaphragmatic flexures, also possible, but to a much lesser extent

Front 63

where spleen located?

how does it attach to stomach?

Back 63

LEFT side, lies on greater curvature of stomach,

* cranial tip ~6th or 7th rib
* only caudo-dorsal projects a bit out of rib cage
* cannot be palpated from rear end

Front 64

shape of spleen

What's on cranial border?
Caudal border?

Back 64

* Cranial border where meets stomach is concave
* caudal border is convex; borders desc.duodenum and loops of small intestine

Front 65

Ligaments from spleen?

Back 65

* attached to stomach via gastrosplenic ligatment (part of greater omentum)

* attached left kidney via lienorenal (renosplenic) ligament – dorsal border of ligament may entrap loops of colon
(remember spleen is on left side, so is stomach!)

Front 66

Location of liver:

Back 66

* Mostly RIGHT of median plane, and quite asymmetrical in shape
Cranial border (6th-7th rib): diaphragm
Caudal border (16th-17th rib): ventral to right rib

Front 67

which lobe atrophies?

Back 67

RIGHT lobe atrophies with age ( pressure from right dorsal colon)

Front 68

Parts of cecum? general locations?

Back 68

base - RIGHT, dorsal
body
apex

Front 69

Describe gall bladder in horse:

Back 69

●No gall bladder.
● bile or hepatic duct has wide lumen; opens w/major pancreatic duct into hepaticopancreatic ampulla
[major duodenal papilla] of the
distal and convex part of the
duodenal sigmoid flexure.
Oblique passage of duct through wall acts as valve.

Front 70

What are the four lobes of the liver?

Back 70

Left lobe (thinnest part)
Quadrate lobe
Right lobe
Caudate lobe

* L&R lobes subdivided in medial/lateral lobes

Front 71

_____ ligament of liver is strong and well formed

Back 71

round (teres) ligament of liver is strong and well formed.

Front 72

Impressions on liver?

what passs through?

Back 72

Visceral surface - stomach, duodenal and colic impressions

Renal impression on dorsal part of caudate process!

~Related to pancreas dorsally. Oesophageal impression on dorsal part of left lobe.
* caudal vena cava goes though

Front 73

location of pancreas?

parts or recognizable features?

Back 73

* right; sublumbar
* right and left lobes and a body (held in place in sigmoid flexure of duodenum).
Related to saccus cecus of stomach (left lobe), right kidney (right lobe), aorta, caudal vena cava and sublumbar muscles, dorsally.

Front 74

Supplies the stomach, liver and spleen. The duodenum also, via the _____:

Back 74

- celiac artery; supplies duodenum also via the gastro-duodenal a.

Front 75

Supplies the small and large intestine (cecum, colon).

Back 75

cranial mesenteric a.

Front 76

supplies mainly the descending colon and the rectum?

Back 76

caudal mesenteric a.

Front 77

Lymph Nodes of organs supplied by

Back 77

* celiac artery form a celiac trunk, which empties into the cisterna chyli.

cisterna chyli -> aortic hiatus -> thoracic duct (runs left of aorta); opens into a large vein at thoracic inlet.

Front 78

L.nodes of small intestine (situated at the root of the mesentery) ?

Back 78

intestinal trunk

Front 79

L.nodes of small colon rectum and anus send efferents to the:

Back 79

lumbar trunk

Front 80

Which kidney is more cranial?

Give locations:

Back 80

Right (left is left behind)

Left Kidney: Ventral to T17 – L2

Front 81

Give locations of left kidney:

Back 81

Left Kidney: Ventral to T17 – L2
* Related to spleen and stomach cranially, to aorta medially, and small colon and coils of small intestine, ventrally.

Front 82

Give location of right kidney:

(in relation to liver? d.duodenum? pancreas? cecum? small....?)

Back 82

Ventral to last 2 or 3 ribs and 1st lumbar transverse process (T16 – L1) (mostly covered by ribs)
* cranial pole makes a renal impression on caudate process of liver.
- Relations: liver is cranial to it; ventrally is descending duodenum, pancreas and base of cecum; coils of small colon and small intestine; medially, to right adrenal gland and the aorta.

Front 83

Which kidney palpable through rear end?

Back 83

If you're lucky, caudal pole of left kidney may just be within reach in rectal palpation. But it's a crap shoot.

Front 84

Shape of kidneys:

Back 84

left: bean-shaped.
right: heart shaped

Front 85

coming out of kidney, hilus runs where?

Back 85

hilus is ventromedial

Front 86

veins are ____ of arteries

Back 86

veins are satellites of the arteries

Front 87

large arteries (celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries and their major branches) are the sites of ___ caused by ______.

Back 87

Large arteries (celiac, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries and major branches) are sites of LESIONS caused by Migrating Larvae! e.g. nematode
~aneurysms may develop

Front 88

"collateral" circulation

Back 88

* advantageous to the animal in event of blockage
* blockage of large arteries is less serious than that of smaller vessels where anastomoses incomplete

Front 89

How accessible is stomach to palpation, etc.?

Back 89

stomach is inaccessible by rectal palpation or through flank incision.

Front 90

identify:

Back 90

Front 91

femoral lamina

Back 91

strands of connective tissue present only in horse, connect lateral crus of superficial inguinal opening to medial thigh fascia

Front 92

inguinal hernia occurs because ____.

Back 92

When hip joint is maximally extended, there is considerable pull on lateral crus of this opening.
(e.g. problem can arise during mating)

Front 93

• Paralumbar fossa

Back 93

o Concavity immediately caudal to last rib
o Able to be anesthetized during surgery (expand on this)
o Palpable structures?