Anatomy Ii - Female Reproduction (Horse)

Front 1

Conventional dimensions (pelvimetry) used in evaluating the birth canal include:

Back 1

1. transverse diameter (#5)
2. conjugate diameter (#4)
3. vertical diameter (#9)

Front 2

What structure of female repro system is Very large in horse? (about the largest and longest among domestic species)

What size?

Back 2

ovary

up to 9 cm diameter at oestrus

Front 3

location of equine ovary

Back 3

Sublumbar (under L4 or L5 vertebra) close to abdominal roof.

Front 4

shape of equine ovary

Back 4

Bean-shaped with marked concavity on ventral side (non-peritoneal side).

Front 5

The depression on ovary is called the ________?

Back 5

The depression - ovulation fossa or ovarian fossa [a peculiar equine feature].

Front 6

Ovarian follicles, within the deep substance of the ovary which is the ____ unlike species

Back 6

Ovarian follicles, within the deep MEDULLA of the ovary
(not in the cortex, as in other spp.)

Front 7

Another equine unique feature regarding follicle formation:

Back 7

At ~40 days of pregnancy:
-- new set of follicles dev.
-- may not ovulate, but form new corpora lutea (sec. corpora lutea), which (w/primary ones) persist until ~150 days of pregnancy, then regress.
Pregnancy thereafter is maintained in the absence of corpora lutea.

Front 8

shallow peritoneal pocket neighboring the ovary

what ligament binds it?

Back 8

ovarian bursa
bounded by the (1) proper ligament of the ovary and peritoneum suspending it medially,

Front 9

what are borders of ovar.bursa?

Back 9

The ovarian bursa - shallow
(a peritoneal pocket bounded by the
(1) MEDIAL: proper ligament of the ovary and peritoneum suspending it ,
(2) LATERAL: mesosalpinx ,
(3) cranial: OVARY + mesosalpinx
(4) CAUDAL: uterine horn

Ventral opening.

Front 10

What structure is ovarian end of uterine tube?

Back 10

Fimbriated, funnel-shaped end is the infundibulum.

Front 11

What is located on the cranial border of the ovary?

Back 11

thick, long and mobile MESOVARIUM (homologous to suspensory ligament in dog)

Front 12

Ovary lies ____ to uterine tube

Back 12

ovary MEDIAL to uterine tube

Front 13

Fimbriated, funnel-shaped end of uterine tube is _____?

Back 13

Fimbriated, funnel-shaped end is the infundibulum

this is where uterine tube meets ovary.

note: infundibulum means "funnel" in latin!

Front 14

Describe other parts of uterine tube closer to uterine horn

Back 14

Coiled, ampulla and isthmus portions. Joins uterine horn abruptly at a sphinctered papilla (at uterotubal junction).

Mucosa thrown into longitudinal folds (also secondary and tertiary folds).

Front 15

Describe Uterine horn (cornu) :

Back 15

* 2 horns in flattened T-shape arrangement

* Oviductal end is rounded and blunt
* Relatively short, sublumbar suspension by broad ligaments (has remnant of round ligament of the uterus, laterally).

Front 16

only place where there is not attachment to the mesovarium

Back 16

ovulation fossa - is the only place where there is not attachment to the mesovarium
(actually on ventral side)

Front 17

From Upper Term Review Sheet:
• Ovarian bursa formed by the ____ and ______.

Back 17

Ovarian bursa formed by mesosalphix and mesovarium

Front 18

ligament from the ovum to the uterine horn is _____

Back 18

proper lig. of the ovary

Front 19

remnant of the umbilical artery

Back 19

• Round ligament of the bladder

Front 20

cervical canal in the mare is ___ and contains ____

Back 20

cervical canal in the mare is <straight> and contains Longitudinal Folds.

Front 21

main blood supply to uterus?

(name is order of significance)

Back 21

• Main arteries of the reproductive system #1 UTERINE ARTERY, then also Ovarian and the uterine branch of the Vaginal Artery

UOV

Front 22

Uterine body is what size in relation to uterine horns?

Compare to UB in other spp?

Back 22

Only slightly shorter than the horn;

Largest, largest compacity

Front 23

In pregnant mare, the fetus lies where?

Back 23

fetus lies in one uterine horn and the body of the uterus

Only occasionally is fetus carried in body and both uterine horns, equally -> (transverse presentation).

Front 24

Does other horn (w/o fetus) have more fetal membranes in it?

Back 24

NO

Front 25

cervix uteri

Back 25

neck of the uterus

Front 26

Describe cervical canal :
Shape?
What lines it?
Easy to do what with it?

Back 26

* cervical canal is straight
(has longitudinal folds lining it;
* easy to catheterize e.g. in artificial insemination (AI)

Front 27

Vaginal part of cervix is ___ hence the conspicuous _____

Back 27

Vaginal part is rounded and projects into vagina, hence the conspicuous (obvious) annular vaginal fornix;
with radial folds (continuous with mucosal folds lining the cervical canal).

Front 28

Vaginal part of cervix AND annular vaginal fornix looks like what under normal circumstances? during estrus?

Back 28

Normally like "Rose-bud"
During estrus is open like "wilted rose"

Front 29

part of vagina that's intraperitoneal?

Back 29

cranial part

Front 30

outer part of Vestibule?

Back 30

labia of vulva

(caudal part of vestibule)

Front 31

top part of vestibule?

Back 31

Extermal urethral orifice
(cranial border at level of urethral orifice also has hymen but hardly intact :\ )

Front 32

Which glans of vagina is largest in horse?

Back 32

Horse has a large glans clitoridis (largest in horse),

glans clitoridis is exposed during urination (micr

Front 33

glans clitoridis is covered by?

Back 33

Surrounded or even covered by the fossa clitoridis

Front 34

How many rows of vestibular glans?

Back 34

2

Front 35

During estrous, the clitoris ?
This occurrence is referred to as ?

Back 35

protrudes or extrudes periodically, the so-called “winking” of the mare at estrus

Front 36

May harbor the contagious equine metritis organisms.

Back 36

clitorial sinuses
(Has deep and superficial sinuses)

Front 37

Ovarian a.branches off of ?

Has what branches?

Back 37

From aorta directly

From aorta directly; ovarian and uterine branches.

Front 38

Which branch of ovarian a. winds tortuously through mesovarium?

What happens when it reaches ovary?

Back 38

Ovarian branch is tortuous in mesovarium
(divides into several branches on ovarian surface - equine peculiarity)

Front 39

ovarian VEIN in horse?

what is size and structure compared to other spp.?

Back 39

ovarian v. is large, but NOT as complexly and intimately intertwined with the artery, as in other species

Front 40

uterine a. branches off from?

has several branches in the ?

Back 40

external iliac a. (rarely internal iliac a)

Several branches within mesometrium.

Front 41

incision site for Caesarian sections

Back 41

Opposite (antimesometrial) side of mesometrium and away from many branches of uterine artery, so relatively less vascular

Front 42

vaginal a. branches off from?

Supplies?

Back 42

* From the internal pudendal a.
* Supplies vagina, cervix, caudal part of uterus, urinary bladder and pelvic urethra.

Front 43

Vestibular branch of internal pudendal a. supplies what ?

Back 43

Vestibular branch of internal pudendal a. also supplies VAGINA and VESTIBULE.

Front 44

Does the mare have vaginal fornix (cies)? What's it called?

Back 44

Yes, there is a conspicuous annular fornix

Front 45

Mammae of the Mare

how many teat orifices are present per teat?
Shape?
What is the name of the groove between the 2 glands?

Back 45

* Has a pair of mammae, closely associated
* each teat has 2 orfices
* Conical; compressed on sides (M/L), not round
* longitudinal groove (intermammary groove) between the two glands

Front 46

Equine ovaries are located in the abdomen, midway between the ___ and the _____, and a few cm lateral to _____.

Back 46

Located midway between *last rib* and *tuber coxae*, and few cm lateral to *median plane*.

Front 47

mesovarium attaches the ovaries to the ____?

Back 47

sublumbar wall

Front 48

Oviductal end is ___ and _____ ? (regarding their shape)

Back 48

Oviductal end is rounded and blunt

Relatively short, sublumbar suspension by broad ligaments (has remnant of round ligament of the uterus, laterally).

Front 49

The Uterine horn (cornu) has remnant of what?

Back 49

has remnant of round ligament of the uterus, laterally.

Front 50

Which sections have longitudinal folds?

Back 50

1. UTERINE (Fallopian) tube
2. CERVICAL CANAL : so easy to catheterize e.g. in artificial insemin. (AI)
3. VAGINA: capacious cavity, lined by mucous membrane w/longitudinal folds (continuous w/ cervix).

Front 51

Why it was easy for the mare to give birth (relative to the cow).

Back 51

According to Erica:
1 - pelvic entrance is wide and round most important!
2 - Pelvic axis is horizontal
3 - Pelvic exit is relatively free

Front 52

Ligaments in mammae?

Back 52

Elastic medial and fibrous lateral suspensory ligaments, as in the cow, but less developed.

“FLEM”
Fibrous laterally
Elastic medially

Front 53

main source of blood to mammae?

Back 53

external pudendal a.

Front 54

drains mammary glands? (2)

Back 54

The external pudendal v. drains the gland, as also does the superficial caudal epigastric vein.

Front 55

mammary (superficial inguinal) lymph nodes

where found?
efferent vessels go where?

Back 55

There are several mammary (superficial inguinal) L.N. scattered betw. ventral abdominal wall and caudal portion of mammary gland!

Efferent vessels go to thr. inguinal canal to empty into deep inguinal lymph nodes

Front 56

Innervation of mammae comes via ?

Back 56

Cutaneous innervation from L2 – L4 and S2 – S4.
Udder parenchyma/substance : genitofemoral (L3+4)

Front 57

Vulva shape?

Back 57

dorsally - pointed
ventrally - Rounded

DPVR = Deep Pussy Very Rough