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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The cerebrum is the ______ part of the brain, has _____ hemispheres, seperated by ______.
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Largest, 2 hemispheres, longitudinal fissure
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The Falx Cerebri of the brain helps avoid ______.
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rotary displacement
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The cereral cortex contains ______.
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gray matter (cell bodies f neurons)
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The semioval center contains ______.
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white matter (cellular processes, axon, dendrites)
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The corpus callosum connects _______ & is made of ________.
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2 cerebral hemispheres, white matter
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The convolution of the brain are called _____ & the grooves of the brain are called _____.
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gyri, sulci
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What are the 5 lobes in each hemisphere?
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Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Insula
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The primary motor cortex of the brain is the _______, which controls _________ muscles activity to the ________ side of the body
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Precentral Gyrus, skeletal (voluntary), contralateral
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The primary somatosensory cortex is the _________, which allows you to discriminate general _______ from the _________ side of the body.
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Postcentral gyrus, sensations, contralateral
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The Wervicke's Area, aka _____________, is the primary ______ cortex.
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Post. Aspect of Superior Temporal Gyrus, language
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The Broca's Area, aka ____________, is the primary __________ area.
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Post. Area of Frontal Area, motor speech area
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The Broca's area receieves info from ___________, then coordinates it, then sends it to the __________.
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Wervicke's Area, Precentral Gyrus
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Most people are dominant in the _____ hemisphere.
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Left
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The anterior 1/5 of the frontal lobes functions for _______ & _______.
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cognition & personality
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The posterior part of the occipital lobe is the primary _____ cortex, where _____ are recieved.
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visual, images
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The superior temporal gyrus is the __________ cortex, where __________ is perceived.
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Auditory, sound
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The memory/learning areas of the are __________ complex & the __________.
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Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex & Hippocampus
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Basal Ganglia are masses of _________ located deep within the ___________.
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gray matter, cerebral hemispheres
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T/F: Basil ganglia are called ganglia because they are collections of cell bodies outside the CNS?
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FALSE! They're actually nuclei within the CNS. (Confusing, right?)
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A nulceus is a collection of ___________.
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cell bodies INSIDE the CNS
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A ganglia is a collection of ________.
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Cell bodies OUTSIDE the CNS
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What are the 3 groups of basal ganglia?
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Corpus Striatum, Claustrum, & Amygdaloid nuclear complex
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The corpus striatum is involved with the ___________ system, which is made up of _____ _____ areas.
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extrapyramidal system (EPS), subcortical motor areas
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Damaging your EPS can result in what? (3)
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1. Dyskinesia (abnormal invol. movement)
2. Static tremor 3. Abnormality of muscle tone (rigidityor skeletal mm) |
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The claustrum is deep to the _____.
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insula
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All of Basal Ganglia's function lies within what group?
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The Corpus Striatum
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The EPS is responsible for ______ ______ ______ activity.
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instinctive voluntary motor activity (like reflexes)
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The parametal system is made up of _____ areas.
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Cortical areas
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Rhinencephalon (hindbrain) is involved with what systems? (2)
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Olfactory & limbic
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The olfactory nerve is an outgrowth of the _________.
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Rhinencephalon
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The limbic system coordinates _______ & the ________ associated with them.
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emotions & physical expression
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The limbic system includes ________ & ________.
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hippocampus & parahippocampal gyrus
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The _____ is a medial projection of parahippocampal gyrus
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uncus
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The thalamus is a ______ collection of _____ that surrounds the ____ ventricle.
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bilateral, nuclei (gray matter), 3rd
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What does the interthalamic lesion do?
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Connects right & left side of thalamus
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The ________ is the primary sensory relay station of the brain. What 3 types of nerves meet here?
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Thalamus; Cranial, Spinal, & ANS (splanchnic) nerves meet here
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The sense of ____ bypasses the thalamus and goes directly to the ______ for interpretation.
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smell; rhinencephalon
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The diencephalon is the ____ vesicle of the brain.
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2nd
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The ________ seperates the hypothalamus from the thalamus.
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hypothalimic sulcus
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The hypothalamus forms the _____ of the diencephalon & lateral wall of the ____ ventricle.
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floor, 3rd
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The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via the ____________.
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infundibulum
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The hypothalamus is divided into what anatomical regions? (4)
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1.) Supraoptic region (anterior portion)
2.)Preoptic region (medial portion) 3.) Tuberal portion (middle portion) 4.) Mammillary portion (posterior portion) |
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The pituitary is also called the _______, and is influenced by the ________.
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hypophsis, hypothalamus
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The ___________ has control of both the sympathetic & parasympathetic ANS.
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hypothalamus
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The hypophysis is located in the ______ & protected by the ________.
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hypopyseal fossa, sella turcica (of the sphenoid bone)
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What are the 2 lobes of the hypophysis?
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Adenophypophysis (anterior lobe) & Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
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The adenohypophysis is under _____ control, while the neurohypophysis is under _____ control.
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chemical, neurological
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RELEASING FACTORS are synthesized in the ______ & HORMONES are synthesized in the _______.
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Adenohypophysis, Neurohypophysis
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Hormones are ______ in the neurohypophysis and then released by the _____ that synthesized the hormone.
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stored, neurons
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What 2 hormones are released by the posterior hypophysis & what do they do?
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1.) Vassopression (ADH)--prevents excessive urination
2.) Oxytocin -- causes smooth muscles of uterus to contract |
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What is the most posterior part of the diencephalon & contains the pineal body?
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Epithalamus
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Where is the pineal body located?
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Between 2 superior colliculi (of midbrain)
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The epithalamus forms the roof of the ___ (#) ventricle and produces the hormone _____. .
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3rd ventricle, melatonin
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Melatonin determines ________ & influences _________.
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onset of puberty, circadian rhythms
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The subthalamus lies _____ to the thalamus and is involved with ________ system.
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ventral, extrapyramidal (motor cordination)
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A _____ can cause damage to the subthalamus. This can produce hemiballism, which is _________.
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stroke, involuntary movement of extremities
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The optic nerve is actually a ____, or outgrowth of the _____.
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tract, diencephalon
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The midbrain has 2 major parts: _____ & _____.
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Tectum (aka quadrigeminal plate) & Cerebral peduncles
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The tectum inclues rounded bodies, called _____.
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colliculi
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There are __ superior collicul. They function to relay nuclei in the _____ pathway. There are aslo __ inferior collicul. They function to relay nuclei in the ____ pathway.
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2, visual
2, auditory |
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There are __ inferior colliculi. They function to relay nuclei in the _____ pathway.
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2, auditory
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The ventral aspect of the midbrain is the ____. The dorsal aspect of the midbrain is the____.
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cerebral peduncles, tectum
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The cerebral peduncles are divided into what 2 parts?
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1.) Tegmentum (most dorsal)
2.) Crus Cerebri (most ventral) |
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The tegmentum is ____ mater that forms the floor of the __ (#) ventricle.
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grey, 4th ventricle
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The tegementum is involved with: 1) _____ relay pathway, 2) motor & sensory nuclei associated w/ cranial nerves ___ & ___, & 3) ______ activating system (alertness).
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1.) sensory relay pathways
2.) cranial nerves III & IV 3.) reticular activating system |
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The crus cerebri contains ___________ fibers (upper motor neurons) & is ______ in nature.
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corticofungal fibers, efferent (motor fibers are leaving brain)
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The substantia nigra seperates the _____ & _____, and is part of the _____ system.
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tegmetum & crus cerebri, extrapyramedal system
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The substantia nigra produces the neurotransmitter _____, and damage of this can result in ________ disease.
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dopamine, Parkinson's
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The hindbrain is also called the ___________. It includes what 2 major structures?
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rhombencephalon
1.)Metencephalon (includes cerebellum & pons) 2.)Myelencephalon (includes medulla oblongota) |
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The cerebellum is ____ to the cranial fossa, pons, & medulla.
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posterior
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The _____ connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum.
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vermis
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The superior, middle, & inferior cerebellar peduncles are attached to what part of the brainstem?
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Superior-->midbrain
Middle-->pons Inferior-->medulla |
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The peduncles function as a mean by which afferent (& efferent) information can go into (and out of) the
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cerebellum
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The cerebellum functions to _____ somatic motor activitiy & maintain ______ & _____.
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coordinate (NOT initiate), equilibrium/balance & muslce tone
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T/F: If you damage the cerebellum, you will be paralyzed.
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FALSE, you will just lose muscle tone and coordination
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The pons is located ____ to the cerebellum and _____ to the medulla.
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ventral to cerebellum & superior to medulla
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The pons is involved with motor & sensory nuclei of what 4 cranial nerves?
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C5, 6, 7, & 8
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The ____ is the sleep center & secondary respiratory center.
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pons
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The medulla oblongata is shaped like a _______ & is part of the __________ of the hindbrain.
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pyramid, myelencephalon
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The medulla oblongata contains sensory & motor nuclei of what 4 cranial nerves?
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CN 9, 10, 11, & 12
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The medulla oblongata is involved with what physiologic functions?
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visceral (swallowing) reflex, vomiting, primary respiratroy center, cardiovascular reflexes
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The breast is what type of gland?
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mammary
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What is polythelia?
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multiple nipples
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Breasts function to _______ and are controlled by the _______.
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nourish newborns, hypothalamus
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The hypothalamus is the anterior lobe of the ______. It's an _______ gland that produces ________.
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pituitary, endocrine, prolactin
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The breast is basically a modifide ______.
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sweat gland
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The largest, visible part of the breast that produces milk is called the _________.
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copus mammae
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The corpus mammae contains suspensory ligaments between ____ tissue and ______ ducts that convey milk to underside of nipple.
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adipose tissue, lactiferous ducts
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The _________ tail pierces deep fasica and enters the axilla.
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axillary
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Where are the lactiferous ducts located?
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nipple
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The sebaceous ligaments of cooper are responsible for ______.
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supporting the breasts
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The medial side of the breast receives arterial blood from the _________ artery & the lateral side receives arterial blood from the ______ artery.
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Anterior intercostal aa. (branch of internal thoracic aa)
Lateral thoracic aa. (branch of thoracic aa) |
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The brachial plexus of the upper extremeity originiates in the _______.
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posterior triangle of the neck
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The bracial plexus is formed by the ventral roots of what 5 cranial nerves?
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C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
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The brachial plexus produces roots, ______, divisions, cords, & ______.
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trunks, nerves
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The roots, trunks, & division of the brachial plexus are found in the ______ triangle of the _____.
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posterior neck
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Most nerves of the brachial plexus originiate in the _____.
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axilla
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What 2 nerves come off the roots of the bracial plexus?
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1.) Dorsal scapular nerve
2.) Long thoracic nerve |
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The dorsal scapular nerve is a product of cranial nerve #__ & innervates what 3 muscles?
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C5, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, & levator scapulae
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The long thoracic nerve is a product of what 3 cranial nerves?
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C5, C6, C7
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The long thoracic nerve innervates the ______ muscle.
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serratus anterior
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The phrenic nerve innervates the ____ & is a product of what cranial nerves?
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diaphragm, C3-5
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T/F: The phrenic nerve is a product of the brachial plexus.
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False, tho it is in the same general vicinity
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T/F: The phrenic nerve is a product of the cranial nerves C3-5.
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True
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There are ___ major trunks. All of them bifurcate to form anterior & posterior ______.
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3 (sup, mid, inf), divisions
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The superior trunk is a product of cranial nerves __ & __.
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C5 & 6
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Only 1 of the 3 trunks produces nerves, the ____ trunk.
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superior
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The superior trunk produces the ____ nerve & the ____ nerve.
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subclavis nerve & suprascapular nerve
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The subclavis nerve innervates _____ & the suprascapular nerve innervates _____ & _____.
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subclavius, supraspinatus & infraspinatus
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The middle trunk is a product of cranial nerve __ & the inferior nerve is a product of cranial nerves __ & __.
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C7, C8 & T1
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T/F: There are 3 nerves that come off the divisions.
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False! NO nerves come off the divisions
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____ are products of anterior & posterior divisions of trunks.
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Cords
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The 3 cords are ____, ____, & ____.
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lateral, medial, & posterior cords
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The lateral cord is a product of the anterior divisions of the _____ & _____ trunks
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superior & middle
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The 2 nerves that are produced by the lateral cord are the ____ nerve & ____ nerve.
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lateral pectoral n & musculocutaneous n
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The lateral pectoral nerve (of the lateral cord) innervates the _______ muscle.
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pectoralis major muscle
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The musculocutaneous nerve (of the lateral cord) innervates the 3 flexors in the compartment of the arm: ____, ____, & ____.
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1.) Biceps brachii
2.) Brachialis mm 3.) Carobrachialis mm |
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The musculocutaneous nerve becomes the _______ nerve at the elbow.
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lateral cutaneous nerve
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The medial cord is an anterior division of the ____ trunk & contribues to the _____ nerve.
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inferior, median nerve
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The median nerve is produced from both the ___ cord & the ____ cord.
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lateral & medial cords
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The median nerve descends the arm laterally to the _____ artery.
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brachial
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The median nerve passes deep to the _____ aponeurosis in the cubital fossa.
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bicipital
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T/F: The median nerve has no branches in the axilla or arm.
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True
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The median nerve innervates most skeletal muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm except ___ ___ ___ & medial 1/2 of ___ ___ ___.
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flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundis
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The median nerve becomes the recurrent branch of median nerve as it enters the ____.
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palm
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The recurrent branch of the median nerve innervates what 3 thenar eminence muscles? Anything else?
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1.) Abductor pollicis brevis
2.) Flexor pollicis brevis 3.) Oppens pollicis Also innervated the first 2 lumbricals, but NOT the adductor pollicis! |
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Palmar sensory innervation of the median nerve includes the ____ palmar skin, skin of the ____, index & middle finger, & ____ 1/2 of ring finger.
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lateral, thumb, lateral
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Dorsal sensory innervation of median nerve includes the skin of the ___ portion of the index, middle, lateral 1/2 of the ring finger, & the ____.
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distal, thumb
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The medial pectoral nerve innervates the ____ ____ & ____ muscles.
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pectoralis major & minor mm
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The medial cutaneous nerve of the arm innervates the medial side of the ___ for general sensation.
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arm
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The medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm innervates the medial side of the _____ for general sensation.
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forearm
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The ulnar nerve comes off the ____ cord & decends anterior to the _____ muscle.
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medial cord, triceps muscle
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The ulnar nerve innvervates what muscles of the arm?
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None! It only innvervates 2 muscles in the forearm!
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The ulnar nerve innervates what muscles of the forearm?
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Medial 1/2 of the flexor digitorum profundis & flexor carpi ulnaris
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The ulnar nerve branches deeply to innervate all the muscles of the ecxcept ____ _____ & 2 lateral ____.
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thenar eminence, 2 lateral lumbrical
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The ulnar nerve branches superficially to innervate the ____ & ____ surfaces of the hand.
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palmar & dorsal (both encompass little finger, medial 1/2 ring finger, medial palm/hand)
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The posteror cord results from the fusion of the superior, middle, & inferior ____.
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divisions
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The posterior cord divides into what 5 nerves?
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upper subscapular nerve, lower subscapular nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, axillary nerve, & radial nerve
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The upper subscapular nerve innervates ____ mm & the lower subscapular nerve innervates the ____ mm & ____ mm.
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Upper: subscapularis mm
Lower: subscapularis mm & teres major |
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The thoracodorsal nerve innervates the ____ ____ mm.
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latissimus dorsi
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The axillary nerve innervates the ___ mm the ___ ___ mm.
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deltoid & teres minor
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T/F: The radial nerve is the largest nerve of the brachial plexus.
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True
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The radial nerve runs medial to the humerus, following the course of the ___ ____ artery.
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profunda brachii a
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The radial nerve innervates the ____ ____ muscle in the posterior compartment.
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triceps brachii
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The radial nerve splits into deep & superficial branches at the level of the lateral _____ ______.
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humeral epicondyle
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T/F: The superficial branches are smaller than the deep branches of the radial nerve.
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True
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The dorsal innervation of the superficial branches of the radial nerve include: the lateral/dorsal aspect of the hand, the dorsum of the ____, proximal/dorsal portion of the ____ & ____ fingers, & lateral 1/3 of the ____ finger.
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thumb, index, middle, ring
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The deep branches of the randial nerve innervate all the muscles in the _____ & ____ compartments of the forearm.
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posterior & lateral
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