Anatomy : Endocrine System

Front 1

What is the function of the endocrine glands?

Back 1

1) Release hormones and chemical signals to help cell communecate with other cells

Front 2

What does hormones do?

Back 2

1) They circulate to all tissue but only activate target cells

Front 3

Where is hormones released?

Back 3

Hormones is only released by glands in the indocrine system.

Front 4

What is the rout hormones travel to reach their target cell?

Back 4

Through the bloodstream, lymph vessels, or interstitual fluid

Front 5

how does hormoness bind to target cells?

Back 5

Through specific receptors

Front 6

Where is the receptors on the target cells for hormones located?

Back 6

Intracellular or on the plasma membrasne

Front 7

Endocrine glands?

Back 7

Pineal Gland-Located in Brain
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal Gland
Ovary
Testes
Kidney
Heart

Front 8

What are some trigers of hormone release?

Back 8

1) Humoral Signals: concentration of chemicals within the blood or other fluid
2)Neural Signals: Neuron activation releases the hormone from a gland
3)Hormonal Signals: The presence of a hormone signals the release of other hormones

Front 9

Location & fun cion of the Pineal gland?

Back 9

1) Part of the Diencephalon in the brain
2)Secretes the hormone Melatonin (Antioxidants, circadian cycle, reproductive)

Front 10

Location & Function of Pituatory (Hypophysis)?

Back 10

1)Extends from the ventral part of the brain
2)Consists of two components:
2.1)Adenohypophysis or anterior lobe
2.2)Neurohypophysis which is comprised of the posterior lobe and the infundibulum

Front 11

What is the funcion of the Adenohypophysis or anterior lobe of the Pituitary gland?

Back 11

1) Releasing Factors from the hypothalamus trigger the release of hormones from the adenohypophysis (pituitary)
2) Releasing Factors are specific for the hormone(s) they release

Front 12

What is the funcion of Neurohypophysis composed of the posterior lobe and the infundibulum

Back 12

1) Neurons in the hypothalamus produce and secrete the hormone
2) The neuron axon terminals are located next to blood vessels in the neurohypophysis where they secrete the hormone

Front 13

What is the hormones Neurohypophysis?

Back 13

1) Oxytocin
2) Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone)

Front 14

What is the fuction of oxytocin?

Back 14

Contract smooth muscle In general: reproductive structures Ex: uteris & mamary glands to produce milk

Front 15

What is the funcion of Vasopressin?

Back 15

The constriction of blood vessels, prevents diaresus[ prevents water los

Front 16

What are the hormones released by the adenohypophysis?

Back 16

1) Growth hormone
2) Prolactin
3) Adrenocorticotropin
4) Thyroid stimulating hormone
5) Folicle stimulating hormone
6) Lutenizing hormone

Front 17

What is the function of the growth hormone?

Back 17

Affects growth

Front 18

What is the function of prolactin

Back 18

Cause in female production of milk, males : fluid; semen production

Front 19

What is the function of adrenocorticotropin?

Back 19

Adrenal glands: stimulate the layers of the adrenal cortex to produce their own hormones

Front 20

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone?

Back 20

Stimulate thyroid to release own hormones

Front 21

What is the function of the folicle stimulating hormone?

Back 21

In female: cause the folicle that develop egg to start developing the egg, Male: sperm production

Front 22

What is the function of the luteinizing hormone?

Back 22

Female:Trigers ovulation Males: triggers testosterone

Front 23

Where is the thyroid located?

Back 23

Located near the Larynx

Front 24

What are the cells in the thyroid?

Back 24

1)Follicular Cells produce Thyroglobulin which is then converted into Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) (Regulate metabolism)
2) Parafollicular Cells produce Calcitonin (Decrease blood calcium levels)

Front 25

What is the compounds of the thyroid?

Back 25

1) T4 – thyroxine: has two tyrosine molecules plus four bound iodine atoms
2) T3 – triiodothyronine: has two tyrosines with three bound iodine atoms
3) T3 is more biologically active, although both compounds bind to receptors

Front 26

Where is the parathyroid glands located?

Back 26

Small Glands embedded in the posterior thyroid gland

Front 27

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Back 27

Usually four glands.

Front 28

What does the chief cells of the parathyroid gland secrete?

Back 28

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) (Increase blood calcium levels)

Front 29

Whare is the thymus located?

Back 29

Located deep to the sternum near the heart

Front 30

What is the hormone released by the thymus gland?

Back 30

Thymosin and Thymopoietins (Trigger lymphosyte production, generally involved in fighting infection)

Front 31

Whare is the pancreas located?

Back 31

posterior (underneath) the stomach

Front 32

What is the two functional components of the pancreas?

Back 32

Digestive acini (Digestive part)
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) produce hormones (endocrine products)

Front 33

What is the two major cell types of the islets?

Back 33

1) Alpha () cells: produce glucagon (Trigers storage molecules of glycogen to be broken down)
2) Beta () cells: produce insulin (Lowers blood glucose, helps cells of body take up glucose)

Front 34

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Back 34

On the superior part of the kidney

Front 35

What is the two components of the adrenal gland?

Back 35

1) Adrenal Cortex: synthesis and release of corticosteroids
2) Adrenal Medulla: synthesis and release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by chromaffin cells

Front 36

What is the different corticosteroids produced in the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Back 36

1) Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
2) Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
3) Zona reticularis: gonadocorticoids (Reproductive inducing hormones. Androgens: testosterone)(chiefly androgens

Front 37

What does the adrenal medula release?

Back 37

1) Release of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are release during conditions of stress

Front 38

What is the function of epenephrine

Back 38

Epinephrine actions focus on the heart and metabolic activities

Front 39

What is the function of norepenephrine?

Back 39

Norepinephrine functions focus on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure

Front 40

What is the fuctional components of the kidney?

Back 40

1) Excretory component (Secretion of urine)
2) Endocrine component

Front 41

What is the hormone released by the kidney?

Back 41

Erythropoietin (Stimulates erythrocyte production)

Front 42

What is the hormone produced by the heart?

Back 42

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) that functions in the regulation of sodium levels in the blood. (Allows for sodium to be lost)

Front 43

What is the hormone released by adipose tissue?

Back 43

Releases Leptin (Gives sensation of being sadisfied after eating)
1) involved in the sensation of satiety
2) stimulates increased energy expenditure

Front 44

What hormone does the skin produce?

Back 44

cholecalciferol which is the precursor of vitamin D-(Needed for calcium absorbtion Vit D)

Front 45

What is the male sex hormone?

Back 45

The Testes release androgens (testosterone) {Give males their male characteristics: Hair, size, muscle mass}

Front 46

What is the female sex hormones?

Back 46

Ovaries release estrogens ( female characteristics: Lack of hair, body fat distrebution ) and progesterone

Front 47

What is the components of the circulatory system?

Back 47

Blood, bloodvessels, and heart

Front 48

What is the function of blood?

Back 48

1) Carries oxygen and nutrients
2) Removes waste products

Front 49

What is the fuction of the blood vessels?`

Back 49

1) Transports blood from the heart to tissues (Arteries)
2) Transports blood from the tissues to the heart (Veins)

Front 50

What is the function of the heart?

Back 50

Provides the pumping energy needed to circulate the blood

Front 51

What is two primary components of Blood ?

Back 51

1) Plasma (Liquid components)
2) Formed Elements (Cellular components)

Front 52

Waht is plasma?

Back 52

fluid component of blood

Front 53

What is the formed elements of blood?

Back 53

the cells or cellular components within blood

Front 54

What is the ph of blood?

Back 54

7.35–7.45

Front 55

Waht is the temp of blood?

Back 55

38C (slightly higher than “normal” body temperature)

Front 56

What is the average volume of blood?

Back 56

1) Males: 5–6 L
2) Females: 4–5 L

Front 57

What is hem atocrit?

Back 57

the percentage of erythrocytes out of the total blood volume (obtained by centrifuging blood and the bottom layer is the erythrocytes)

Front 58

Waht is the components of plasma?

Back 58

1) water
2) Solutes
3) Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
4) Nutrients

Front 59

What does the solutes of blood plasma consist of?

Back 59

Electrolytes and proteins

Front 60

What are the electrolytes in blood plasma?

Back 60

1)Sodium
2)Potassium
3)Calcium
4)Chloride
5)Bicarbonate

Front 61

What does the proteins in blood plasma consist of?

Back 61

1)Albumin
2) Globulins (Transport mechanisms, to move lipids ex. around in blood)
3)Clotting proteins

Front 62

What does the Nonprotein nitrogenous substances in blood plasma consist of?

Back 62

1)lactic acid (From muscles)
2)Urea (Protein degradation)
3)Creatinine (From muscle, storage form for ATP that muscle use)

Front 63

What does the nutrients in blood consist of?

Back 63

1)Glucose
2)Carbohydrates
3)amino acids

Front 64

What are the formed elements in blood?

Back 64

1)Platelets
2) Erythrocytes
3) Leukocytes

Front 65

What is platelets?

Back 65

1)Are cellular fragments (formed from cells called megakaryocytes)
2)Participate in blood clotting

Front 66

What is erythrocytes, what is its size, what is its lif3espan, does it contain a nucleus?

Back 66

1.1)Carry oxygen (using Hemoglobin) and nutrients
1.2)Remove waste products
2) 5 x 106 per mm3
3) Lifespan of 120 days
4) Do not contain a nucleus or organelles

Front 67

What does hemaglobin consist of?

Back 67

1)Consists of 4 protein globin chains
1.1) 2 alpha units (a units)
1.2) 2 beta units (b units)
2) Each globin chain contains a Heme group
3) Each Heme group contains an Iron (Fe) core
4) Each Heme group can bind to one oxygen molecule (O2)
5) Each Hemoglobin can bind to 4 oxygen molecules

Front 68

What are the forms of hemoglobin in erythrocytes?

Back 68

1) Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to oxygen
2) Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin after oxygen diffuses into tissues
3) Carbaminohemoglobin: hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide

Front 69

What is erythropoesis?

Back 69

Production of Erythrocytes

Front 70

How is erythropoesis regulated?

Back 70

1)Requires adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B vitamins
2) Erythropoietin (from Kidney) stimulates erythropoiesis and erythrocyte maturation

Front 71

What is the clasification significance of glycoprotein antigens that are located on the external surface of erythrocytes?

Back 71

Presence or absence of these surface antigens is used to classify blood groups

Front 72

What is unique about antigens on erythrocytes?

Back 72

1) Unique to the individual
2) Recognized as foreign if transfused into another individual

Front 73

What does the immune system antibodies do in the presence of antigens?

Back 73

trigger agglutination (clumping) of blood cells
Because of this characteristic, antigens are referred to as agglutinogens

Front 74

How many verieties of natural occuring antigens are there?

Back 74

30 varieties

Front 75

What clasification is normally used for antigens?

Back 75

ABO Rh

Front 76

What is other blood groups?

Back 76

Other blood groups (M, N, Dufy, Kell, and Lewis) are mainly used for legalities

Front 77

How many Rh agglutinogens are there?

Back 77

Eight differen: C,D & E are common ones

Front 78

What symbol indicates that erythrocyte has the presence of the Rh antigen on its surface?

Back 78

Rh+

Front 79

When is the ant-Rh antibodies formed in an Rh- indevidual?

Back 79

If an Rh– individual receives Rh+ blood, anti-Rh antibodies will then form and a further exposure to Rh+ blood will result in a typical transfusion reaction

Front 80

What are disorders involving erythrocytes?

Back 80

1)Anemia
2) Polycythemia

Front 81

What is anemia?

Back 81

1) Low levels of Erythrocytes, (Or bleeding.)
2) Decreased or Abnormal Hemoglobin
2.1) Thalassemias: absent or faulty globin chain in hemoglobin
2.2) Sickle-cell anemia: results from a defective gene producing an abnormal hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS)

Front 82

What is polycythemia?

Back 82

excess erythrocytes that increase blood viscosity

Front 83

What is leukocytes?

Back 83

Part of the immune system:
1)Neutrophils: 60-70%
2)Eosinophils: 1–4% (Red)
3)Basophils: 0.5% (Blue or purple)
4)Lymphocytes: approximately 25%
5)Monocytes: 4–8%

Front 84

Does Leukocytes contain nnuclei, What is their size?

Back 84

1) Yes
2) Approximately 8,000 per mm3