Anatomy Chapter 1

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Study of the structure.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Study of the functions of the body.

Front 3

Gross Anatomy

Back 3

Study of larger body structures.

Front 4

Regional Anatomy

Back 4

Study of all the structures in one particular region.

Front 5

Systemic Anatomy

Back 5

Study of the body system by system.

Front 6

Surface Anatomy

Back 6

Study of internal body structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

Front 7

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 7

Study of structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope.

Front 8

Cytology

Back 8

Study of the cells.

Front 9

Histology

Back 9

Study of tissues.

Front 10

Developmental Anatomy

Back 10

Study of changes in an individual from conception thru old age.

Front 11

Embryology

Back 11

Study of the developmental changes that occur before birth.

Front 12

Pathological Anatomy

Back 12

Study of structural changes caused by disease.

Front 13

Radiographic Anatomy

Back 13

Study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures.

Front 14

Molecular Anatomy

Back 14

The study of the structure of biological molecules.

Front 15

Renal Physiology

Back 15

Study of urine production and kidney function.

Front 16

Neurophysiology

Back 16

Study of workings of the nervous system.

Front 17

Cardiovascular Physiology

Back 17

Study of the operation of the heart and blood vessels.

Front 18

Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

Back 18

What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Front 19

Chemical Level

Back 19

Level at which atoms combine to form molecules.

Front 20

Cellular Level

Back 20

Level at which cells are made up of molecules.

Front 21

Tissue Level

Back 21

Level that consists of similar types of cells.

Front 22

Organ Level

Back 22

Level that is made up of different types of tissues.

Front 23

Organ System Level

Back 23

Level that consists of different organs that work together closely.

Front 24

Organismal Level

Back 24

Level at which organisms are made up of many organ systems.

Front 25

Integumentary System

Back 25

System that forms the external body covering.

Front 26

Skeletal System

Back 26

System that protects and supports body organs.

Front 27

Muscular System

Back 27

System that allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expressions.

Front 28

Nervous System

Back 28

System that is the fast-acting control system of the body.

Front 29

Endocrine System

Back 29

System in which glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

Front 30

Cardiovascular System

Back 30

System in which blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes.

Front 31

Lymphatic System

Back 31

System that picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood.

Front 32

Respiratory System

Back 32

System that keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Front 33

Digestive System

Back 33

System that breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

Front 34

Urinary System

Back 34

System that eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body.

Front 35

Male Reproductive System

Back 35

System in which the testes produce sperm and male sex horomones.

Front 36

Female Reproductive System

Back 36

System in which ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones.

Front 37

Maintaining Boundaries

Back 37

Internal environment remains distinct from the external environment.

Front 38

Movement

Back 38

Activities promoted by the muscular system.

Front 39

Responsiveness

Back 39

Ability to sense changes in the environment.

Front 40

Digestion

Back 40

Breaking down ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules.

Front 41

Metabolism

Back 41

Sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur within body cells.

Front 42

Excretion

Back 42

Removing wastes from the body.

Front 43

Reproduction

Back 43

Original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells.

Front 44

Growth

Back 44

Increase in size.

Front 45

Nutrients

Back 45

Chemical substances used for energy and cell-building.

Front 46

Oxygen

Back 46

Needed for maximum ATP production.

Front 47

Normal Body Temperature

Back 47

98.6 F

Front 48

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 48

Force that air exerts on the surface of the body.(Gas Exchange).

Front 49

Homeostasis

Back 49

Body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Front 50

Homeostatic Imbalance

Back 50

Body is unable to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Front 51

Variable

Back 51

Factor or event being regulated.

Front 52

Receptor

Back 52

Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes.

Front 53

Control Center

Back 53

Determines the set point at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action.

Front 54

Effector

Back 54

Provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus.

Front 55

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Back 55

Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

Front 56

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Back 56

Exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated.

Front 57

Anatomical Position

Back 57

Feet together but not touching. Palms forward and thumbs facing away from the body.

Front 58

Directional Terms

Back 58

Allow us to explain exactly where one body part or structure is in relation to another.

Front 59

Superior

Back 59

Above.

Front 60

Inferior

Back 60

Below.

Front 61

Anterior

Back 61

In front of.

Front 62

Posterior

Back 62

Behind.

Front 63

Medial

Back 63

On the inner side of.

Front 64

Lateral

Back 64

On the outer side of.

Front 65

Intermediate

Back 65

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Front 66

Proximal

Back 66

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Front 67

Distal

Back 67

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Front 68

Superficial

Back 68

Toward or at the body surface.

Front 69

Deep

Back 69

More internal.

Front 70

Axial Part

Back 70

Includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Front 71

Appendicular Part

Back 71

Consists of the limbs which are attached to the body's axis.

Front 72

Sagittal Plane

Back 72

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts.

Front 73

Midsagittal Plane

Back 73

Plane that lies exactly in the mid-line.

Front 74

Parasagittal Plane

Back 74

Plane that is offset from the midline.

Front 75

Frontal Plane

Back 75

Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions.

Front 76

Transverse Plane

Back 76

Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Front 77

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 77

Contains the area in which the brain is encased by the skull and the cavity which runs within the bony vertebral column and encloses the delicate spinal cord.

Front 78

Cranial Cavity

Back 78

Brain and Skull.

Front 79

Viscera

Back 79

Internal Organs.

Front 80

Thoracic

Back 80

Superior portion.

Front 81

Abdominal Cavity

Back 81

Includes spleen.

Front 82

Serous Fluid

Back 82

Thin, lubricating fluid which is secreted by both membranes.

Front 83

Serous

Back 83

Thin, double layer membrane.

Front 84

Parietal Serosa

Back 84

Lines cavity walls.

Front 85

Visceral Serosa

Back 85

Lines the organs.

Front 86

Oral Cavity

Back 86

Includes the mouth, which contains teeth and the tongue.

Front 87

Digestive Cavity

Back 87

Includes the digestive organs and the opening of the anus.

Front 88

Nasal Cavity

Back 88

Located within the nose.

Front 89

Orbital Cavity

Back 89

Houses the eyes.

Front 90

Middle Ear Cavity

Back 90

Contains small bones that transmit sound vibrations.

Front 91

Synovial Cavity

Back 91

Includes part of the joints which secretes a lubricating fluid which reduces friction.

Front 92

Umbilical

Back 92

Centermost Region.

Front 93

Epigastric

Back 93

Above Stomach.

Front 94

Hypogastric

Back 94

Below the navel.

Front 95

Right and Left Iliac

Back 95

Lateral to the hypogastric region.

Front 96

Right and Left Lumbar

Back 96

Lateral to the navel.

Front 97

Right and Left Hypochondriac

Back 97

Lateral to the epigastric region.

Front 98

Right Upper Quadrant

Back 98

RUQ

Front 99

Left Upper Quadrant

Back 99

LUQ

Front 100

Right Lower Quadrant

Back 100

RLQ

Front 101

Left Lower Quadrant

Back 101

LLQ

Front 102

Nasal

Back 102

Nose

Front 103

Oral

Back 103

Mouth

Front 104

Cervical

Back 104

Neck

Front 105

Acromial

Back 105

Point of shoulder

Front 106

Axillary

Back 106

Armpit

Front 107

Abdominal

Back 107

Abdomen

Front 108

Brachial

Back 108

Arm

Front 109

Pelvic

Back 109

Pelvis

Front 110

Carpal

Back 110

Wrist

Front 111

Pollex

Back 111

Thumb

Front 112

Digital

Back 112

Fingers and Toes

Front 113

Patellar

Back 113

Anterior Knee

Front 114

Pedal

Back 114

Foot

Front 115

Tarsal

Back 115

Ankle

Front 116

Frontal

Back 116

Forehead

Front 117

Orbital

Back 117

Eye

Front 118

Sternal

Back 118

Breastbone

Front 119

Thoracic

Back 119

Chest

Front 120

Mammary

Back 120

Breast

Front 121

Umbilical

Back 121

Navel

Front 122

Coxal

Back 122

Hip

Front 123

Inguinal

Back 123

Groin

Front 124

Femoral

Back 124

Thigh

Front 125

Hallux

Back 125

Big Toe

Front 126

Cephalic

Back 126

Head

Front 127

Otic

Back 127

Ear

Front 128

Occipital

Back 128

Back of head or base of skull

Front 129

Vertebral

Back 129

Spinal Column

Front 130

Scapular

Back 130

Shoulder Blade

Front 131

Dorsum

Back 131

Back

Front 132

Lumbar

Back 132

Loin

Front 133

Sacral

Back 133

Between hips

Front 134

Gluteal

Back 134

Buttock

Front 135

Popliteal

Back 135

Back of knee

Front 136

Calcaneal

Back 136

Heel

Front 137

Plantar

Back 137

Sole