Anatomy & Physiology I, Chapter 1

Front 1

Define Anatomy

Back 1

The bodily structure of a plant/animal or any of it's parts.

Front 2

Define Physiology

Back 2

The biological study of the functions of living organisms and their parts.

Front 3

Name the 11 organ systems

Back 3

1. Integumentary
2. Nervous
3. Muscular
4. Skeletal
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive (Male/Female)

Front 4

The Integumentary System
Major Organs(4)

Back 4

1. Skin
2. Hair
3. Sweat Glands
4. Nails

Front 5

The Integumentary System
Major Functions(3)

Back 5

1. Protect against environmental Hazards
2. Helps regulate body temperature
3. Provides sensory info.

Front 6

Nervous System
Major Organs(4)

Back 6

- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Peripheral nerves
- Sense organs

Front 7

Nervous System
Major Functions(3)

Back 7

- Directs immediate responses to stimuli
- Coordinates activities of other organ systems
- Provides/Interprets sensory info about external conditions

Front 8

Skeletal System
Major Organs(4)

Back 8

- Bones
- Cartilages
- Associated ligaments
- Bone marrow

Front 9

Skeletal System
Major Functions)3)

Back 9

- Provides support/protection for other tissues
- Stores calcium and other minerals
- Forms blood cells

Front 10

Muscular System
Major Organs(1)

Back 10

- Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses

Front 11

Muscular System
Major Functions(3)

Back 11

- Provides movement
- Provides protection/support for other tissues
- Generates heat that maintains body temp.

Front 12

Endocrine System
Major Organs(6)

Back 12

- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Pancreas
- Adrenal glands
- Gonads (testes/ovaries)
- Endocrine tissues in other systems

Front 13

Endocrine System
Major Functions(3)

Back 13

- Direct long-term changes in the activies of other organ systems
- Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body
- Controls structural/functional changes during development

Front 14

Cardiovascular System
Major Organs(3)

Back 14

- Heart
- Blood
- Blood vessels

Front 15

Cardiovascular System
Major Functions(2)

Back 15

- Distribute blood cells, water, and dissolved materials. (ex. nutrients, waste, products, oxygen, and CO2)
- Distributes heat and assists in control of body temp.

Front 16

Lymphatic System
Major Organs(5)

Back 16

- spleen
- thymus
- lymphatic vessels
- lymph nodes
- tonsils

Front 17

Lymphatic System
Major Functions(2)

Back 17

- Defends against infection and disease
- Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Front 18

Digestive System
Major Organs(10)

Back 18

- Teeth
- Tongue
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas

Front 19

Digestive System
Major Functions(4)

Back 19

- Processes/Digests food
- Absorbs/Conserves water
- Absorbs nutrients (ions, water, & breakdown products of dietary sugars, proteins, and fats).
- Stores energy reserves

Front 20

Respiratory System
Major Organs(7)

Back 20

- Nasal Cavities
- Sinuses
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
- Alveoli

Front 21

Respiratory System
Major Functions(4)

Back 21

- Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs
- Provides oxygen to bloodstream
- Removes CO2 from bloodstream
- Produces sounds for communication

Front 22

Urinary System
Major Organs(4)

Back 22

- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra

Front 23

Urinary System
Major Functions(4)

Back 23

- Excretes waste from the blood
- Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine
- Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
- Regulates blood ion concentrations/pH

Front 24

Male Reproductive System
Major Organs(7)

Back 24

- Testes
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Penis
- Scrotum

Front 25

Male Reproductive System
Major Functions(1)

Back 25

- Produces male sex cells(sperm) and hormones

Front 26

Female Reproductive System
Major Organs(7)

Back 26

- Ovaries
- Uterine tubes
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Labia
- Clitoris
- Mammary glands

Front 27

Female Reproductive System
Major Functions(3)

Back 27

- Produces female sex cells (oocytes), and hormones
- Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery
- Provides milk to nourish newborn infant

Front 28

Define Homeostasis

Back 28

Maintenance of a stable set of internal operating conditions

Front 29

Homeostatic Regulations involve what 3 things?

Back 29

- Receptors
- Control Centers
- Effectors

Front 30

Define Receptors

Back 30

Monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)

Front 31

Name 2 types of Homeostatic receptors

Back 31

- Interoceptors
- Exteroceptors

Front 32

-Types of Receptors
*Interoceptors-(located internally)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Name the 5 Interoceptors and give examples of each

Back 32

- Baroreceptors(pressures)
- Chemoreceptors(pH, oxygen levels)
- Thermoreceptors(temperature)
- Stretch Receptors(in muscle)
- Nociceptors(pain)

Front 33

- Types of Receptors
*Exteroceptors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Name 5 types and give examples.

Back 33

- Mechanoreceptors(touch, hearing)
- Chemoreceptors(pH, taste, smell)
- Thermoreceptors(Temperature)
- Nociceptors(pain)
- Photoreceptors(vision)

Front 34

Define Control System

Back 34

Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

Front 35

List the Control Centers

Back 35

- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- W/in Organs
*Pancreas
*Thyroid gland
*Digestive tract

Front 36

Define Effector

Back 36

- Any structure that operates in response to signals from a control center.
- provides the means to respond to stimuli

Front 37

Homeostatic Effector

List 3 examples:

Back 37

- Skeletal Muscles
- Smooth Muscles
- Glands

Front 38

Negative Feedback

1. Most common or uncommon?
2. Initiates an effector response that ______ that change.
3. List 3 examples

Back 38

1. Common
2. reverses
3.
a. Temperature regulation
b. Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
c. Regulation of pH

Front 39

Positive Feedback

1. Most common or uncommon?
2. Initiates an effector response that ______ that change.
3. Examples

Back 39

1. Uncommon
2. Increases
3.
a. Blood Clotting
b. Labor Contractions
c. Lactation

Front 40

In positive feedback systems, the output ...

Back 40

enhances the original stimulus.

Front 41

In negative feedback systems, the output ...

Back 41

shuts off the original stimulus.

Front 42

Describe Anatomical Position

1. Body
2. Feet
3. Palms
4. Thumbs

Back 42

1. Erect
2. Slightly apart
3. Facing forward
4. Point away from body

Front 43

"Anatomical Position" important in studying anatomy because

Back 43

it is the position of reference for anatomical nomenclature. (ex, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, abduction and adduction)

Front 44

Directional Terms:

1. Superior
2. Inferior

Back 44

1. Toward the head
2. Away from the head

Front 45

Directional Terms:

1. Anterior
2. Posterior

Back 45

1. Toward the front of body.
2. Toward the back of body.

Front 46

Directional Terms:

1. Proximal
2. Distal

Back 46

1. Closer to origin of body part
2. Farther from origin of body part

Front 47

Directional Terms:

1. Superficial
2. Deep

Back 47

1. Toward the body surface
2. Away from the body surface

Front 48

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view from neck up"

1. Frontal
2. Orbital
3. Buccal
4. Mental
5. Nasal
6. Oral
7. Cervical

Back 48

1. Forehead
2. Eye
3. Cheek
4. Chin
5. Nose
6. Mouth
7. Neck

Front 49

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view for Arm"

1. Acromial
2. Axillary
3. Branchial
4. Antecubital
5. Antebrachial

Back 49

1. Point of shoulder
2. Armpit
3. Arm
4. Front of elbow
5. Forearm

Front 50

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view for Hand"

1. Carpal
2. Polex
3. Palmar
4. Digital

Back 50

1. Wrist
2. Thumb
3. Palm
4. Finger

Front 51

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view of Upper Body"

1. Sternal
2. Thoracic
3. Mammary
4. Umbilical
5. Abdominal

Back 51

1. Breastbone
2. Chest
3. Breast
4. Navel
5. Abdomen

Front 52

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view of Lower Body"

1. Pelvic
2. Pubic
3. Inguinal

Back 52

1. Pelvis
2. Genital region
3. Groin

Front 53

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view for Legs"

1. Coxal
2. Patellar
3. Femoral
4. Crural
5. Fibular/Peroneal

Back 53

1. Hip
2. Anterior Knee
3. Thigh
4. Leg
5. Side of Leg

Front 54

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Anterior view of Feet"

1. Tarsal
2. Pedal
3. Digital
4. Hallux

Back 54

1. Ankle
2. Foot
3. Toes
4. Great toe

Front 55

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view from neck up"

1. Otic
2. Cephalic
3. Occipital

Back 55

1. Ear
2. Head
3. Back of head/Base of skull

Front 56

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view of Arm/Hand"

1. Acromial
2. Brachial
3. Olecranal
4. Manus

Back 56

1. Point of shoulder
2. Arm
3. Elbow
4. Hand

Front 57

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view of Upper Body"

1. Vertebral
2. Scapular
3. Dorsum/Dorsal
4. Lumbar
5. Sacral

Back 57

1. Spinal column
2. Shoulder blade
3. Back
4. Loin
5. B/W hips

Front 58

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view of Lower Body"

1. Gluteal
2. Perineal

Back 58

1. Buttock
2. Region b/w anus/genitalia

Front 59

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view of Leg"

1. Femoral
2. Popliteal
3. Sural

Back 59

1. Thigh
2. Back of knee
3. Calf

Front 60

Name body parts from anatomical terminology.
"Posterial view of Feet"

1. Calcaneal
2. Plantar

Back 60

1. Heel
2. Sole

Front 61

Dorsal Body Cavity 2 Subdivisions

1.
2.

Back 61

1. Cranial Cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity

Front 62

What does the Dorsal cavity do?

Back 62

Protects the nervous system

Front 63

Cranial Cavity:

1. Located
2. Encases

Back 63

1. within the skull
2. the brain

Front 64

Vertebral Cavity:

1. Located
2. Encases

Back 64

1. within vertebral column
2. the spinal cord

Front 65

Ventral Cavity 2 Subdivisions

1.
2.

Back 65

1. Thoracic cavity
2. Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 66

What does the Ventral Cavity do?

Back 66

Houses the internal organs (viscera).

Front 67

Thoracic Cavity

1. Contains

Back 67

1. Heart and Lungs

Front 68

Thoracic cavity is subdivided into:

1.
2.
3.

Back 68

1. Pulmonary cavities
2. Mediastinum
3. Pericardial cavity

Front 69

Pulmonary cavities each house a

Back 69

lung

Front 70

Mediastinum is b/w

Back 70

the two pulmonary cavities

Front 71

Pericardial cavity surrounds

Back 71

the heart with the mediastinum

Front 72

Abdominopelvic cavity 2 subdivisions

1.
2.
2.

Back 72

1. Abdominal Cavity
2. Pelvic Cavity

Front 73

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from

Back 73

the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm

Front 74

Abdominal cavity contains the

Back 74

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Front 75

Pelvic cavity

1. lies within
2. contains the

Back 75

1. pelvis
2. bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Front 76

The mediastinum contains what cavity?

Back 76

pericardial cavity

Front 77

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes:

Parietal serosa

Back 77

lines internal body walls

Front 78

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes:

Visceral serosa

Back 78

covers the internal organs

Front 79

Ventral Body Cavity Membranes:

Serous fluid

Back 79

separates the serosae

Front 80

Region containg fluid is called

Back 80

a "cavity" or "space"

Front 81

Name the regions of the abdonimopelvic cavity:

1. 12 o'clock
2. 1 o'clock
3. 3 o'clock
4. 5 o'clock
5. 6 o'clock
6. 7 o'clock
7. 9 o'clock
8. 11 o'clock
9. middle

Back 81

1. Epigastric region
2. Left Hypochondriac region
3. Left Lumbar region
4. Left Iliac (inguinal) region
5. Hypogastric (pubic) region
6. Right Iliac (inguinal) region
7. Right Lumbar region
8. Right Hypochondriac region
9. Umbilical region

Front 82

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Right Hypochondriac Region

1.
2.

Back 82

1. Liver
2. Gallbladder

Front 83

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Epigastric Region

1.

Back 83

1. Stomach

Front 84

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Left Hypochondriac Region

1.

Back 84

1. Diaphragm

Front 85

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Right Lumbar Region

1.

Back 85

1. Ascending colon of large intestine

Front 86

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Umbilical Region

1.
2.

Back 86

1. Small Intestine
2. Transverse colon of large intestine

Front 87

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Left Lumbar region

1.

Back 87

1. Descending colon of large intestine

Front 88

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Right Iliac region

1.

Back 88

1. Cecum

Front 89

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Hypogastric region

1.
2.

Back 89

1. Appendix
2. Urinary Bladder

Front 90

Organs of the Abdominopelvic
Left Iliac region

1.

Back 90

1. Initial part of sigmoid colon

Front 91

Name the four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Back 91

1. Right Upper
2. Left Upper
3. Right Lower
4. Left Lower