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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal Cartilage |
Made up of a variety of different cartilages, molded to fit its body location and function |
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Perichondrium |
Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage. Also contains blood vessels that allow nutrients to diffuse through the matrix to reach cartilage cells internally |
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3 types of skeletal cartilage |
Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage |
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Main components of skeletal cartilage |
chondrocytes in small cavities call lacunae, and extracellular matrix that consists of ground substance and fibers |
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3 things cartilage is important for |
Attachment Flexibility Resilience |
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Hyaline Cartilage |
- Provide support with flexibility and resilience -Spherical chondrocytes -The only fiber type in their matrix is fine collagen fibers -Most abundant skeletal cartilage There are 4 subcategories: *Articular Cartilages: cover the ends of most bones at movable joints *Costal Cartilages: Connect ribs to the sternum *Respiratory Cartilages: Form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passages *Nasal Cartilages: Support the external nose |
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Elastic Fibers |
- The most flexible cartilage - Found only in two places: *External ear *Epiglottis |
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Fibrocartilage |
- Highly compressible - Great tensile strength - Runs in parallel rows of collagen fibers and chondrocytes - Occure in places that are subject to both pressure and stretch, such as the knee, and intercalated discs (discs between vertebrae) |
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Growth Cartilage |
- has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis - Grows in 2 ways: * Appositional: Cartilage from the center secretes new matrix against the external surface, and it grows out *Interstitial: The internal lacunae-bound chondrocytes secrete matrix form the inside |
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Bone Classification |
1) Where They Are Located * Axial - the upper portion of the body: Skull, vertebra, ribs * Appendicular- Everything else (limbs, etc) 2) Shape *Long - has to be longer than it is wide, has to have a shaft (mostly extremities or limbs) * Short - Almost cube shaped, found in three places: wrist and ankles, and patella * Flat - Thin and flat, found in the sternum, scapula, ribs, and skull * Irregular - anything that has an odd shape that is not otherwise classified (Vertebra and pelvic bones) |
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7 Functions of Bone |
1)Support (Makes up the framework for muscles, ligaments, tendons, everything for motion to occur) 2) Protection (Skull protects brain) 3) Movement (Lever and pulley system) 4) Mineral and Growth Factor Storage (Calcium ad Phosphorus) 5) Blood Cell Formation (Hematopoiesis - occurs in red bone marrow) 6) Triglyceride (fat storage) 7) Hormone Production (osteocalcin) |
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Compact Bone |
The dense outer layer of bone that looks very smooth and solid. |
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Spongy Bone |
Internal to compact bone, made up of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae *If spongy bone is between two compact bones, it is called diploe |
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Long Bones |
- All have a shaft, two ends, and contain bone marrow - Diaphysis is the long shaft between each end. It is always compact bone, always has a cavity in the center, and in adults this is where the yellow bone marrow is found - Epiphysis is the name for the ends of the bones. Their ouster shell is compact, but their centers are spongy. - The outermost portions of the Epiphysis are covered in hyaline cartilage - The epiphyseal plate is where growth comes from (where growth hormones target) |
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Membrane found on bones |
Periosteum: - double layer that covers the surface - the innermost layer contains osteogenic cells (stem cells) - The outermost layer is dense fibrous irregular connective tissue - Richly supplied with nerve fibers and blow vessels which pass through the shaft to enter the arrow cavity via the nutrient foramen - Perforating Sharpey's Fibers (tufts of collagen fibers that extend from its fibrous layer into the bone matrix, secure the periosteum to the underlying bone. Endosteum: - Covers the internal bone surfaces - It covers the trabecular of spongy bone and lines the canals that pass through the compact bone. |
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5 Bone Cell Types |
1) Osteogenic Cells: - Found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum - Mitotically activated -Can turn into any other cells that the bone may need - Are stem cells 2) Osteoblasts - Secrete bone matrix (Collagen, calcium, and binding proteins) - This cell will go to the site of an injury and begin producing matrix then move backwards until bone is formed 3) Osteocyte - A mature bone cell -Hangs out in the lacunae and makes sure other cells are functioning properly 4) Osteoclasts - The opposite of an osteoblast -Very large cells that destroy bone to take things out like calcium -Osteoclasts and osteoblasts must work together or you can develop irregular bone deposits or osteoporosis 5) Bone lining cells |
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Bone Markings |
Any cut, marking, anything unusual, is a place for tendon or muscle or ligament to attach |
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Compact Bone |
- There are tiny holes that allow nerves and blood vessels to come through - Osteon: Structural unit for bone, more rings and more osteons come with age -Each circle in a bon is called lamella *They are formed in opposite directions to each other * They also have filler cells that surround th lamella |
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Volkmann's Canal |
-Go to a 90 degree angle form original canals - Connects periosteum to central canal, this is where fresh blood comes from |
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Formation of Bony Skeleton |
- applies to everything but clavicle and skull - Endochondral Ossification is the proper name - hyaline acts as the road map for bone construction - hyaline must be broken down as ossification proceeds |
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Week 9 of Gestation (ossification) |
Hyaline acts as roadmap for bone, a bone collar is formed around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model. Osteoblasts of the newly converted periosteum secrete osteoid against the hyaline cartilage diaphysis, encasing it in a collar of bone called the periosteal bone collar |
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Week 10 |
Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and then develops cavities. |
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3rd month |
The Periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy one forms. - The forming cavities are invaded by a group of elements called periosteal bud, which contains a nutrient artery and vein, nerve fibers, red marrow elements, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts. The osteogenic cells become osteoclasts and they secrete osteoid around the remaining calcified fragments of hyaline cartilage, forming spongy bone |
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Birth |
Diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms. Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses, spongy bone appears |
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Childhood to Adolescence |
Osteoblasts add bone to the hyaline cartilage. When you're done growing, osteoblasts take over the cartilage. |
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Intramembranous Ossification |
Mesenchymal cells cluster, and when they reach a certain number they become an osteoblast. This is the primary ossification center. At the primary ossification center, the osteoblasts start making trabeculae. They form a circle and the "stupid" cells stay in the center and become stuck. They become osteocytes. When they die, they're reabsorbed. This continues until you have lots of spongy bones and lots of blood and nerve endings, a "woven network". As they continue making trabaculae it gets thicker and more compact and becomes compact bone. |
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Bone Growth vs. Bone Remodeling |
When a bone grows, it grows lengthwise. When it is remodeling, it grows outward. |
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Calcium Negative Feedback |
Falling blood levels of calcium trigger the parathyroid glands to release hormone PTH. Hormone PTH causes osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2 into the blood, which resets the balance. |
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Mechanical Stress |
If a femur is pulled along the midline, it will break. Bone are meant to be strong, but only in certain directions. Also, when you work out your bone grow. |
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Comminuted Break |
- A break in more than 3 areas - Either a horrible injury or you have brittle bones disease - Mostly soccer and football players |
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Compression Break |
- Usually happens from a fall - Happens more frequently in old people - Always refers to the vertebra - Presses on the spinal cord - Must wear special brace at least 12 weeks |
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Spiral Fracture |
- Comes from a twisting force - Dancers and soccer players - Must go in for surgery, they can't set it. It must be re-aligned |
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Epiphyseal Fracture |
- Someone thats young -Fracture of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) |
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Depression Fracture |
-Pushed inward or broken - Usually to the skull -Usually from children falling from crib, or abuse case |
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Greenstick Fracture |
- An incomplete break -Usually in lower extremities of legs or arms -Usually happen to children trying to balance on something then falling and catching themselves |
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Complete fracture
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All the way through the bone
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Incomplete fracture
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Only partially through the bone
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Compound Fracture
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Has penetrated the skin (bone is sticking out)
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Simple Fracture
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a. Has notpenetrated skin
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4 events for a fracture to heal
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1. A hematoma forms
a. Blood vesselstear. This forms the hematoma. Now you have no blood going to that area of thebone. Lots of swelling, black and blue. 2. FibrocartilaginousCallus Forms a. Happens afterabout 3 days b. The cartilageforms where the bone was broken, and capillaries come in and try to re-supplyblood c. Phagocytes comein and ingest debris (parts of bone and blood vessels left from break) 3. Bony Callus Forms a. Happens after aweek b. Osteoblasts comein and start laying traviculae (spongy bone). This take roughly 2 months. 4. Bone remodelingoccurs a. After appx. 9months all debris is cleaned up, the bone cavity is put back to normal. b. Blood and nervoussupply is re-made, it is healed c. Cannot be seen onx-ray |
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Imbalance BetweenBone Deposit and Bone Absorption
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a. Osteomalacia i. “soft bones” ii. Bones are poorly mineralized iii. Calcium salts are not adequately deposited
iv. This leads to softer and weaker bones, more prone tofractures b. Rickets i. Very similar to osteomalacia, except that its found inchildren ii. Its easy to see a child has rickets because they havea really bad bowing of the legs and a pelvis with odd angles. Their skull andribcage is also very weak. iii. Calcium is not being correctly absorbed c c. Osteoporosis i. Affects more than just old people ii. Osteoclasts eat away bones and osteoblasts can’t keepup, leaving holes all throughout bones iii. The amount of estrogen decreases in females and makesthings worse iv. Women who do not exercise or have a petite frame, alsopoor nutrition and smoking v. Can effect women as young as 28 |
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1. Skull
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a. On the skull,everything is flat except for the mandible
b. All bone son theskull interlock with each other at sites called sutures. This allows for theskull to give a small amount without breaking apart. c. Facial bones formthe anterior, everything else is cranial |
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Parts of Cranium |
-Vault 1. Everything fromforehead to just above the occipital bone (lateral sides included) -Base 1. The bottomportion of the cranium |
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Inside of Skull |
1. 3 fossae
a. anterior b. middle c. posterior |
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Orbits |
Eyes and air filled sinuses |
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8 Paired cranial bones |
1. parietal
2. nasal 3. zygomatic 4. lachrymal 5. maxilla 6. palatine 7. Temporal 8. Vomer |
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4 unpaired bones |
1. Frontal 2. Occipital 3. Sphenoid 4. Ethmoid |
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Articulation
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1. Frontal bone articulateswith the coronal, orbit, and occipital
2. Occipital bonearticulates with the parietal and temporal bones. At the base is the foramenmagnum (a big hole) 3. The bumps on theback of the foramen magnum are protuberance 4. The elongatedtriangles are occipital condyle |
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Temporal Bone
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-On either side whereears are -Inferior to the parietalbone -Three parts: * Squamous Suture *Tympanic (next toexternal acoustic meatus) *Petrus (middleportion) -Middle cranialfossa *Constructed bythe Sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bones *Support temporallobes of brain -2 holes *Jugular foramen,for jugular and Carotid canal, for carotid *Carotid isanterior to jugular *They bring in 80%of the blood to cerebellum *Theygive 90% to cerebral hemisphere |
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Sphenoid Bone |
-looks like a bat -Considered thekeystone of cranium because it articulates with every other bone in the craniumand is the only bone that does that -The bigger wingsare called greater wings, the small ones are lesser wings -The “saddle” iscalled Turks saddle. The pituitary glands sits in it and receives protection -Also have opticcanals in here |
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Ethmoid Bone
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-Can see it fromfront, just above nasal bone.
-Deep situatedbone -Cribriform platesare the little pieces that look like peas -The cista galliprevents brain from shifting from front to back |
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Mandible
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-U shaped
-Lower jaw bone - -Free bone, notattached to skull -The two holes onthe mandible are for nerves (This is how dentists learn where to stick lidocaine) |
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Maxilla
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-Fused medially
-They begin as twoin the womb and then fuse before birth -Palatine process(roof of mouth) -There are holesin this as well |
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Orbits
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-Cone shaped (notround!!)
-There to support cushionsof fat and muscles-- -Lacriminal glands(tear ducts) -Made up of 6bones i. Frontal ii. Sphenoid iii. Maxilla iv. Palatine v. Lacriminal Ethmoid |
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Nasal Cavities
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-3 levels(superior, middle, and inferior)
-Contain mucus andmacrophages |
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Paranasal Sinuses
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-4 skull bonescontain them i. Frontal bone ii. Sphenoid iii. Ethmoid iv. Maxillary Bones
-Constantly linedwith mucus -Require air -Usually near thenasal cavity -They naturallydrain into the nasal cavity -When you have anallergy response, they go into overproduction and produce up 7x more thannormal |
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Hyoid Bone
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-Sits near larynx
-Not attached toany other bone there -Attaches to yourtongue -Will holdligaments from muscles near your neck and chest |
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Vertebral Column
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-Made up of 26irregular shaped bones
-Runs from skullto pelvis -In a fetus orsmall infant, there are 33. The extra bones are the sacrum that is not yet fused i. 7 cervical *first from skull,they stick out the most ii. 12 Thoracic *The back facedownwards iii. 5 lumbar, thicker processes iv. Sacrum v. Coxis (4 additionally fused vertebra) *No majorimportant value |
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Scoliosis
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-Abnormal lateralcurvature of the spine
-Scoliosis getsits name because it gets an S shape -Can be preventedif caught young if a brace is used -If you wait toolong, you will have to have surgery |
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Kyphosis
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-“Hunchback”
-Dorsally exaggeratedthoracic vertebra -Very common inelderly people (more common in women, especially those in osteoporosis) -Often found intall women and people that hunch over a keyboard |
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Lordosis
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-Lumbar curvature
-Usually in womenthat are pregnant, stomach pulls them forward, so they lean backwards, creatingan unnatural curvature -Also found in menthat have a beer belly -Can become permanentbut with weightless its usually reversed |
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Spinal ligaments
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-Short ligaments(from one vertebra to the next. Only attaches vertebra to next vertebra. Usuallyfound on sides)
-Long ligaments (Gofrom font, all the way down. Several layers) |
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Intervertebraldisks
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-Each cushion is made up of 2 parts:
1.Anulus -Outermost portiongives structure -It’s a fibroussac 2.Nucleus Polposus Innermostportion is still mushy, kind of like a water bed |
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Structure of avertebra
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- All look similar -The body is the biggest portion (this is where intervertebraldisk sits) -Every other protruding area is for ligaments to attachto - Almost all except two have a name
-Starts with thearea, then the number -The two mostimportant are Cervical 1 &2 because they attach to the condyle *Cervical 1 iscalled Atlas *Cervical 2 iscalled Axis (t comes before x) *Allows us to nodyes and no (1 yes, 2 no) |
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Cervical
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Spinous processpokes outward
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Thoracic
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Spinous process pokesdownward
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Lumbar
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Spinous processpokes out but is short and stumpy
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Sacrum
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-Makes posteriorwall of pelvis
-Five fusedvertebra - Is the center pointof gravity for your body -All the foramina (little holes) are for nerve |
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Thoracic Cage
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-Includes, thoracicvertebra, Ribs, Sternum, Cartilage
-Protects heartand lungs |
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Sternum
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i. Is six inches in length ii. Made up of a fusion of 3 bones *Manubrium *Body *Xiphoid Process
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Ribs
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i. 12 pairs ii. All attached to thoracic vertebra iii. True ribs (rib, cartilage, bone) iv. False ribs(rib, cartilage, cartilage, bone) v. Floating ribs (not at all attached to sternum, canactually remove them and shrink waist 2 inches) vi. Always bowed in shape & considered a flat bone vii. Not smooth at all, rough for cartilage attachments
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Appendicular |
Pectoral Girdle, clavicle, scapular, humorous, Radius and ulna |
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Pectoral girdle
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Clavicle anteriorly and scapula posteriorly
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Scapula
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-Triangular andflat with 3 borders
-Articulates with humorousat glenoid cavity |
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Humurus
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-Articulates withscapula, radius and ulna
-The headarticulates with scapula -The distal endhas condyles that are for articulation |
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Radius and Ulna
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-Are two longbones
-The ulna formsthe elbow joint -The radius endsare opposite to ulna, where it is thin on one, its thick on the other -Ulna makes a U Radiusend looks like a circle (take the radius of a circle) |
