Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus |
associated with renin |
|
|
loop of Henle |
regulation of sodium and water in the urine |
|
|
distal convoluted tubule |
active site for the secretion of ions and rugs |
|
|
proximal convoluted tubule |
reabsorption of nutrients occurs here |
|
|
collecting ducts |
respond to the hormone aldosterone |
|
|
renal cortex |
urine production begins here |
|
|
renal medulla |
contains renal pyramids |
|
|
renal pelvis |
coninuous with the uterer |
|
|
pyelonephritis |
inflammation of kidney tissue |
|
|
aldosterone |
secreted by adrenal cortex |
|
|
Steps of the reabosorption of water and the production of urine. (6 Steps)
(Ordering Cards. + on bottom left card to see all.) |
1. Glomerular filtration produces a filtrate that resembles blood plasma. 2. In the proximal convoluted tubule, 60 to 70 percent of the water and almost all of the dissolved nutrients are reabsorbed. 3. In the proximal convoluted tubule and descending loop of Henle, water moves into the surrounding interstitial fluid and leaves a small fluid volume of highly concentrated fluid. 4. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water and solutes. The tubular cells actively pump sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid. 5. The final composition and concentration of the tubular fluid are determined by activity in the descending convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. These segments are impermeable to solutes, and only sodium ions can be transported in and out of the tubule due to the influence of aldosterone. 6. The concentration of urine is controlled by variations in the water permeability of the distal convoluted tububle and the collecting ducts. These segments are impermeable to water unless exposed to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). |
|
|
Most of the organic waste in the blood is removed by __________. |
urinary system |
|
|
The primary purpose of ________ production is to maintain homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of the blood. |
urine |
|
|
Urine production occurs in the renal _______. |
cortex and pyramids |
|
|
Blood reaches nephron initially through the ______. |
afferent arteriole |
|
|
___________ is produced during the breakdown and recylcing of RNA. |
Uric acid |
|
|
The epithelium that covers the glomerular capillaries consists of cells called ________. |
podocytes |
|
|
________ is the inability to control urination voluntarily. |
incontinence |
|
|
________ is a metabolic waste product excreted by the kidneys that plays in a role in muscle contraction. |
Creatine phosphate |
|
|
The proximal convoluted tubule reclaims _________ percent of the filtrate produced at the glomerulus. |
60 to 70 |
|
|
The distal convoluted tububle and collecting ducts contain ion pumps that respond to the hormone _________ which is produced by the adrenal cortex. |
aldosterone |
|
|
Autonomic regulation of kidney function is controlled primarily by the ______ branch of the autonomic nervous system. |
sympathetic |
|
|
_________ is due to a decrease in alveolar ventilation, which results in carbond dioxide retention. |
respiratory acidosis |
|
|
The actions of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) oppose the effects of the ________ system. |
renin-angiotensin |
|
|
The _________ are muscular tubes that conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
ureters |
|
|
Nephrolithiasis is the medical term for _________. |
kidney stone OR renal calculus |
|
|
All of the following are functions of the urinary system except ___________.
A. regulating blood pressure through the release of renein B. stablizing blood pH C. regulating plasma concentrations of ions D. All of the above are functions of the urine system |
All of the above are functions of the urine system |
|
|
The indentation where the ureter leaves the kidney is called the _________. |
hilum |
|
|
Which of the following body systems are responsible for coordinating metabolic activities with the urinary system?
A. nervous, lymphatic, and cardiovascular B. digestive, respiratory, and cardiovascular C. muscular, endocrine, and digestive D. nervous, digestive, and endocrine |
digestive, respiratory, & cardiovascular |
|
|
As the rengal arteries enter the renal sinuses, they branch into the _______ arteries. |
interlobar |
|
|
The kidney is divided into sections called the _________. |
cortex and medulla |
|
|
Blood arrives at the glomerulus by way of the ________. |
afferent arteriole |
|
|
The basic functioning unit of the kidney is the __________. |
nephron |
|
|
The kidneys are held in position in the retroperitoneal space by the _________. |
overlying peritoneum, supporting connective tissues, & contact with other organs |
|
|
In the juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries are directly connected to the _________. |
vasa recta |
|
|
The production of urine occurs in the __________. |
kidney |
|
|
The renal corpuscle consists of the __________. |
proximal and distal convoluted tubules |
|
|
Podocytes are specialized filtration cells found in the ________. |
glomerulus |
|
|
List the regions of the nephron in the correct order of flow. |
glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, & distal convoluted tububle |
|
|
What is the correct order of blood flow through the kidneys? |
afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles, & peritubular capillaries |
|
|
The ascending loop of Henle is responsible for __________. |
the reabsorption and transport of sodium and chloride ions |
|
|
Which of the following components of the nephron has the greatest impact on conrolling the blood pressure?
A. afferent arteriole B. efferent arteriole C. pertitubular capillaries D. loop of Henle |
afferent arteriole |
|
|
The proximal and distal convoluted tubules are comprised of what type of epithelial cells? |
simple cuboidal |
|
|
The solute found in the glomerular capsule must be small enough to pass through all of the following portions of the capsule except ________.
A. the pores of the endothelial cells B. the fibers of the basement membrane C. the filtration slits of the capillary D. the pores found within the epithelial cells |
the pores found within the epithelial cells |
|
|
Which of the following two components of the renal system comprise the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A. distal convoluted tubules, loop of Henle B. juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa C. macula densa, distal convoluted tubule D. juxtaglomerular cells, loop of Henle |
juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa |
|
|
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is the endocrine structure that secretes _________. |
renin and erythropoietin |
|
|
The last segment of the nephron that opens into the collecting ducts is the _________. |
distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
The most abundant organic waste found in urine is _________. |
urea |
|
|
All of the following are metabolic waste products found in urine except __________.
A. urea B. uric acid C. proteins D. creatinine |
proteins |
|
|
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) refers to _________. |
the amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute |
|
|
In the course of a single day, the glomeruli produce _______ of filtrate. |
180 liters |
|
|
The proximal convoluted tubule is known to reabsorb all of the following except __________.
A. sodium B. hydrogen ions C. potassium D. glucose |
hydrogen ions |
|
|
Which of the following segments of the nephron is impermeable to both water and solutes?
A. proximal convoluted tubule B. distal convoluted tubule C. ascending limp of loop of Henle D. descending limb of loop of Henle |
ascending limb of loop of Henle |
|
|
Ion pumps that respond to the hormone aldosterone are located in the _______. |
distal convoluted tubule |
|
|
Circulating levels of _______ control the reabsorption of water along the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. |
antidiurectic hormone |
|
|
Which of the following substances is normally completely reabosrbed by the tubules of the nephron?
A. creatinine B. glucose C. sodium D. uric acid |
glucose |
|
|
If the level of aldosterone is increased in the blood, the _________.
A. sodium levels decrease B. sodium levels increase C. blood pressure elevates D. blood pressure decreases E. both B and C F. both A and D |
both B and C:
sodium levels increase & blood pressure elevates |
|
|
All of the following are ways the glomerular filtration rate is controlled except _______.
A. local automatic adjustments in glomerular pressures B. the sympathetic nervous system C. the parasympathetic nervous system D. various hormones |
the parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
The normal daily volume of urine produced is ______. |
1000 to 1200 mL |
|
|
The renin that is released from the juxtaglomerular apparatus converts _________ to help regulate blood pressure. |
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
|
|
An angiotensin-converting enzyme is repsonbile for converting ____________. |
angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
|
|
If an elevated pressure in the atrial wall of the heart is recognized by the atrial natriuretic peptides, this causes all of the following to occur except __________.
A. a decrease in the rate of sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules B. dilation of the glomerular capillaries C. inactivation of the renin-angiotensin system D. an increase in renin release from the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
an increase in renin release from the juxtaflomerular apparatus |
|
|
The most common ion that causes kidney stones (renal calculi) is ________. |
calcium |
|
|
The tissue that makes up most of the bladder is ___________. |
transitional epithelium |
|
|
The triangular area of the bladder that forms the entrance into the urethra is called the ______. |
trigone |
|
|
The primary micturition reflex in the bladder is controlled by the ___________. |
parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the ______. |
urethra |
|
|
The principle cation found in the intracellular fluid is _________. |
potassium |
|
|
Intracellular fluid can be found _________. |
inside the cell |
|
|
The principle cation found within the extracellular fluid is _________. |
sodium |
|
|
Cardiac arrhythmias may occur if the extracellular concentrations of ________ become too high. |
potassium |
|
|
If the extracellular fluid becomes more concentrated with respect to the intracellular fluid, water will move ___________. |
from the cell to the extracellular fluid |
|
|
If the intracellular fluid becomes more concentrated with respect to the extracellular fluid, water will move ___________. |
from the extracellular fluid into the cells |
|
|
An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood causes the pH to __________. |
drop |
|
|
An increase in carbon dioxide levels in the blood will cause a patients breathing rate to __________. |
increase |
|
|
The normal range for the pH of the blood is ________. |
7.35 to 7.45 |
|
|
When the pH of the blood is below 7.35, this is called _________. |
acidosis |
|
|
Hypernatremia is a condition characterized by elevations of ______ in the blood. |
sodium |
|
|
Which of the following acid-base imbalances is cause from prolonged vomiting?
A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis |
metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease that may cause which of the following acid-base imbalances?
A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis |
respiratory acidosis |
|
|
Urination in the elderly occurs more frequently due to _______. |
nephrons not recognizing or responding to the ADH |
