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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do people vote / participate, even through it is not in their immediate self-interest?
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Political socialization, Social norms and External mobilization
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Political Socialization
why voting is important? |
- Components of education system structure a ‘responsible citizen’ subjectivity
+ Voting is a privilege; not to be taken for granted + Voting is necessary for system stability + Historically significant events result from participation + Non-participation has negative valence Lazy, apathetic, uninformed - ‘Responsible citizen’ is reinforced through public discourse |
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Social Norms
Surrounding influences? |
- Friends, family, members of community participate
- Social pressure to participate - Participation -> more engaged community -> benefits from increased social capital - Internal gratification - Increased community engagement Esteem from fulfilling social expectation |
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External Mobilization
Who are political actors? What is Scaremongering? What is moral suasion? |
-Encouraged to act / vote / participate by various political actors
- Political party leaders Candidates - Interest group leaders - Mobilization strategies -Material benefits: voting-> desired outcome->benefits -Scaremongering: participation->prevent bad outcome - Moral suasion: obligated to stand up for some principle |
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Conventional Participation
What are the goals? what are the systems? |
- Goal is to influence outcomes through the institutional channels of the political system
- Voting (electoral system) - Contacting representatives (representative system) - Donations (party system) - Campaign volunteering (party system) -Nearly always seen as legitimate - Routinely practiced by most of population |
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What 3 factors in Direct democracy ?
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-Specific type of voting / participation
- Citizens make actual policy / political decisions - Recall: citizens vote to remove official from office Usually happens to Governors - Initiative: citizens vote to introduce state legislation Usually used for citizens to propose state constitutional amendments - Referendum: citizens vote to enact legislation Not many use it for normal legislation Nearly all states use this for constitutional amendments California Prop. 8 in 2008 |
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Unconventional Participation
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- Target is society at large, not just political system
- Generate awareness and attention for issues -Create pressure on political system -Hold non-elected entities accountable -Changing people’s minds->political change -Unconventional participation is less common -Unconventional ≠ inappropriate or illegitimate -Wide variety of activities -Not always seen as legitimate |
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What are the benefits and drawbacks of Conventional Participation?
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+ Benefits
- May enhance sense of political efficacy - Legitimizes outputs of political system - Adds stability and regularity to politics + Drawbacks - May reduce sense of political efficacy -Highly constrained by party system -Voter fatigue |
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What is peaceful? what is questionable? what is destructive?
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Peaceful- marches,boycotts,sit-ins,lawsuits
Questionable- strikes, occupation of buildings/parks,protest, protest, pranks Destructive- Vandalism,hacking, destructive of property |
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What are the benefits and drawbacks of unconventional participation?
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-Benefits
- Less dependent on existing political institutions -Higher potential for engagement -Drawbacks - Not always supported by broader population -Cannot always control / convey message -More prone to ideological extremism |
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What is age in Participation?
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Age
-Older citizens have higher levels of participation - Temporary spike in 18-24 group in 2008 - May be complicated by generational effects |
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What is socio- economic model?
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Socio-economic model
- Education - Wealth -Other forms of social status ---> best predictor of voter sophistication, participation, and engagement |
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Who establish rules for voters?
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State Government
- Congress can establish national standard |
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What is legal barriers to participation?
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- States cannot deny voting rights based on race (15th Amd.) or gender (19th Amd.)
-States cannot institute poll taxes (24th Amd.) - States cannot prohibit 18y/o from voting (26th Amd.) - Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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What is resource barrier?
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voting takes time away from work school, and etc...
What about voting holidays??? |
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What is Individual psychological barriers
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-Sense of alienation from public life, inability to change - Sense of complacency regarding status quo
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how to increase participation?
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Networked communication
-Increased forms of online participation - Low-engagement -'Slacktivism’? Digital divide - 1st order: access to technology - 2nd order: necessary skills -Supplement to, but not replacement for, more organized participation |
