Magruder's American Government Chapter 3

Front 1

Preamble

Back 1

Introduction.

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articles

Back 2

Numbered sections of a document. The unamended Constitution is divided into seven articles.

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constitutionalism

Back 3

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law.

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rule of law

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Concept that holds that government and its officers are always subject to the law.

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separation of powers

Back 5

Basic principle of American system of goverment, that the executive, legislative, and judicial powers are divided among three independent and coequal branches of government.

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checks and balances

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System of overlapping the powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches to permit each branch to check the actions of the others.

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veto

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Cheif executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature; literally (Latin) "I forbid".

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judicial review

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The power of a court to determine the constitutionality of a governmental action.

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unconstitutional

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Contrary to constitutional provision and so illegal, null and void, of no force and effect.

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federalism

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A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments.

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amendment

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A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law.

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formal amendment

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Change or addition that becomes part of the written language of the Constitution itself through one of four methods set forth in the Constitution.

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the Constitution.

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executive agreement

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A pact made by the President directly with the head of a foriegn state; a binding international agreement with the force of law but which (unlike a treaty) does not require Senate consent.

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treaty

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A formal agreement between two or more soveriegn states.

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electoral college

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Group of persons chosen in each State and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vide President.

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Cabinet

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Presidential advisory body, traditionally made up of the heads of the executive departments and other officers.

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senatorial courtesy

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Custom that the Senate will not approve a presidential appointment opposed by a majority party senator from the State in which the appointee would serve.

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confederation

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A joining of several groups for a common purpose.

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Albany Plan of Union

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Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, ad other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonists and the Crown.

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boycott

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Refusal to buy or sell certain products or services.

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repeal

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recall

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popular sovereignty

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Basic principle of the American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, and government can exist only with the consent of the governed.

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Articles of Confederation

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Plan of government adopted by the Continental Congress after the American Revolution; established a “firm league of friendship” among the States, but allowed few important powers to the central government.

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ratification

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Formal approval, final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution, constitutional amendment, or treaty.

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presiding officer

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chair

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framers

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Group of delegates who drafted the United States Constitution at the Philadelphia convention.

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Virginia Plan

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Plan presented by delegates from Virginia at the Constitutional Convention; called for a three-branch government with a bicameral legislature in which each State’s membership would be determined by its population or its financial support for the government.

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New Jersey Plan

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Plan presented as an alternative the Virginia Plan at the Constitutional Convention; called for a unicameral legislature in which each state would be equally represented.

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Connecticut Compromise

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Agreement during the Constitutional Convention that congress should be composed of a Senate, in which States would be represented equally, and a House, in which representation would be based on a State’s population.

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Three-Fifths Compromise

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An agreement at the Constitutional Convention to count a slave as three-fifths a person when determining population of a state.

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Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

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An agreement during the Constitutional Convention protecting slave holders; denied Congress the power to tax the export of goods from any state, and, for 20 years, the power to act on the slave trade.

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federalists

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Those persons who supported the ratification of the Constitution in 1787-1788.

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anti-federalists

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Those persons who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in 1787-1788.

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quorum

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Least number of members who must be present for a legislative body to conduct business; majority.

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Division of powers

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the principle that sovereignty should be divided between the federal government and the states especially as expressed by the Constitution of the U.S.

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Delegates powers

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Powers are those granted to the national government in the Constitution

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Expressed powers

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spelled out in the Constitution. These are also called enumerated Powers; The power to coin money and the power to declare war

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Implied powers

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Reasonably thought to be granted, but not spelled out specifically in the Constitution

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Inherent powers

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to the national government because it is a sovereign state

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Expressed powers

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spelled out in the Constitution. These are also called enumerated Powers; The power to coin money and the power to declare war

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Implied powers

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Reasonably thought to be granted, but not spelled out specifically in the Constitution

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Inherent powers

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to the national government because it is a sovereign state

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Reserved powers

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The power to establish public schools// on that the Constitution does not grant to the national government and is not denied to the states

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Expressed powers

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spelled out in the Constitution. These are also called enumerated Powers; The power to coin money and the power to declare war

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Implied powers

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Reasonably thought to be granted, but not spelled out specifically in the Constitution

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Inherent powers

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to the national government because it is a sovereign state

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Reserved powers

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The power to establish public schools// on that the Constitution does not grant to the national government and is not denied to the states

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Exclusive powers

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Powers that can only be executed by the federal government// Power to coin money and the power to declare war

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Concurrent powers

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Possessed and exercised by both national and state government

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Supremacy clause

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Article VI section 2 established in the constitution as the supreme law of the law; constitution ranks above all other forms of law in the US; acts of congress and terrors come next

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Establishing act

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An act passed by Congress directing the people of a territory desiring admission to the union to frame a proposed state constitution

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Act of admission

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An act which creates a new state if Congress agrees to statehood after reviewing a proposed state constitution

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Act of admission

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An act which creates a new state if Congress agrees to statehood after reviewing a proposed state constitution

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Grants-in-aid

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Programs are grants for federal money or other resources to the states and their cities counties in other local units such as when money from the sale of public land was given to the states to build make your state universities

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Categorical grants

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Made for some specific closely to find purpose they school lunches or for the construction of an airport

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Categorical grants

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Made for some specific closely to find purpose they school lunches or for the construction of an airport

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Block grant

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Made for broadly defined purposes if you were conditions attached such as healthcare or social services

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Project grant

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Made to stay localities and some private agencies that apply for grants

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Interstate compact

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Agreements among states

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Full faith and credit clause

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States must recognize a validity of records document in civil court decisions in other states

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Full faith and credit clause

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States must recognize a validity of records document in civil court decisions in other states

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Extradition

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The legal process by which a figurative form Justice of one state is returned by another state

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Privileges and immunities clause

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No state can draw unreasonable distinctions between its own residents and those persons who happened to live in other states