Alterations Of Adrenal Function: Ch. 21 Mccance

Front 1

Disorders of the adrenal cortex are related to

Back 1

hyperfunction or hypofunction.

Front 2

No known disorders are associated with hypofunction of the adrenal medulla, but medullary hyperfunction causes

Back 2

clinically defined syndromes.

Front 3

Hypercortisolism is divided into

Back 3

ACTH-dependent (Cushing disease or ectopic ACTH syndrome) and ACTH-independent (adrenal adenoma or adenocarcinoma) mechanisms.

Front 4

Cushing disease is excessive anterior pituitary ACTH production, most commonly by an

Back 4

ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenoma.

Front 5

Cushing syndrome occurs whenever there is an excessive level of

Back 5

cortisol, regardless of cause. Exogenous forms result from exogenous administration of glucocorticoids.

Front 6

Endogenous forms are either

Back 6

corticotropin-dependent (most common and caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor) or corticotropin-independent (usually caused by an adrenal cortical tumor).

Front 7

Individuals with Cushing disease lose diurnal and circadian patterns of ACTH and cortisol secretion, and they lack the ability to

Back 7

increase secretion of these hormones in response to a stressor.

Front 8

Individuals experience

Back 8

weight gain, glucose intolerance, protein wasting, bone disease, hyperpigmentation, and immunosuppression.

Front 9

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is an autosomal recessive disorder with

Back 9

inadequate synthesis of cortisol and increased levels of ACTH that cause adrenal hyperplasia and overproduction of mineralocorticoids or androgens.

Front 10

Primary hyperaldosteronism is a disorder of excessive aldosterone secretion usually caused by an

Back 10

adrenal cortical adenoma or bilateral nodular hyperplasia.

Front 11

The condition is characterized by

Back 11

hypertension, hypokalemia, renal potassium wasting, and neuromuscular manifestations.

Front 12

Secondary hyperaldosterone secretion is related to a variety of conditions associated with

Back 12

elevated renin release and activation of angiotensin II.

Front 13

These include decreased circulating blood volume, decreased renal blood supply, (list 3 more)

Back 13

elevated estrogen levels, Bartter syndrome, and renin-secreting tumors.

Front 14

Adrenal tumors, adenomas or carcinomas, can autonomously secrete

Back 14

androgens or estrogens.

Front 15

Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex can affect

Back 15

glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid secretion or both.

Front 16

Hypofunction can be caused by a deficiency of ACTH or by a

Back 16

primary deficiency in the gland itself.

Front 17

Hypocortisolism (low levels of cortisol) is caused by inad¬equate adrenal stimulation by ACTH or by

Back 17

primary corti¬sol hyposecretion.

Front 18

Primary adrenal insufficiency is termed

Back 18

Addison disease.

Front 19

Addison disease is characterized by

Back 19

elevated ACTH levels, with inadequate corticosteroid synthesis and output.

Front 20

Causes include idiopathic autoimmune disease, tuberculosis of the adrenal gland, familial adrenal insufficiency, (list 3 more)

Back 20

amyloidosis, metastatic destruction of the adrenal glands, and adrenal hemorrhage.

Front 21

Manifestations of Addison disease are related to

Back 21

hypocortisolism and hypoaldosteronism. Symptoms include weakness, fatigability, hypoglycemia and related metabolic problems, lowered response to stressors, vitiligo, hyperpigmentation, and manifestations of hypovolemia and hyperkalemia.

Front 22

Secondary hypercortisolism is characterized by low to absent what, leading to what?

Back 22

ACTH levels, leading to inadequate adrenal stimulation, adrenal atrophy, and decreased corticosteroid production.

Front 23

The most common cause is

Back 23

withdrawal of exogenous administration of glucocorticoids. Manifestations are similar to those of Addison disease, only without hyperpigmentation.

Front 24

Hyperfunction of the adrenal medulla is caused by a pheochromocytoma, which is a

Back 24

catecholamine-producing tumor.

Front 25

Symptoms of catecholamine excess are related to their sympathetic nervous system effects and include

Back 25

hypertension, palpitations, tachycardia, glucose intolerance, excessive sweating, and constipation.