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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do we identify fatty acids?
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- Chain Length
- Degree of Saturation |
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How many carbons are in a small chain fatty acid?
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There are 6 or less carbons in a small chain fatty acid.
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How many carbons are in a medium chain fatty acid?
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There are 6 - 12 carbons in a medium chain fatty acid.
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How many carbons are in a long chain fatty acid?
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There are 12 or more carbons in a long chain fatty acid.
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Which fatty acid(s) are transported via the vascular (portal) system?
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Both small chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids are transported through the vascular (portal) system.
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Which fatty acid(s) are transported via the lymphatic system?
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Long chain fatty acids are transported through the lymphatic system.
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What are the characteristics of the following fats at room temperature? Saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat.
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Saturated fat will be solid at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fat will be liquid at room temperature, although it will solidify at colder temperatures (such as the fridge). Polyunsaturated fat will be liquid at room temperature. |
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Out of triglycerides, diglycerides, and monoglycersides, which are short lived in lipid metabolism?
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Diglycerides and monoglycerides are short lived in lipid metabolism.
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What are the three different phospholipids?
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The three different phospholipids are:
- phosatidic acids (ex: lecithin as in egg yolk) - plasmologens (ex: phosphatidyl ethanolamine) - sphingomyelins (found in myelin sheath) |
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What are glycolipids?
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Glycolipids are CHO contain lipids that are involved with cell communication and identification.
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What do lipoproteins do?
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Lipoproteins transport lipids.
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What is the starting component of fat synthesis?
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The starting component for fat synthesis is Acetyl CoA.
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Fat synthesis and its starting component can be made from what?
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Glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids (any of the three macronutrient components) can be formed to make Acetyl CoA for fat synthesis.
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What are the three components of the structure of a lipid?
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Lipids are made up of a straight chain carbon, a polar group (carboxylic acid group), and a nonpolar group.
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When naming a lipid, which group do you start numbering at?
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Start naming a fatty acid at the polar group, or the carboxylic acid.
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Unsaturated fat's natural chemical positioning is what kind of an arrangement?
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An unsaturated fat's natural arrangement is in a cis postion. Trans positioning is due to full/partial hydrogenation.
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Where will trace amounts of trans-fat be found in nature?
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Meat & dairy products will naturally have will naturally have trace amounts of trans-fats in them, especially pork.
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What are the four types of phospholipids found in the cell membrane?
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The four types of phospholipids found in the cell membrane are
- phosphatidyl choline (lecithin, which participated in digestion) - phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) - phosphatidyl serine (PS) - phosphatidyl inositol |
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What are eicosanoids?
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Eicosanoids are essential fatty acid derivatives, 20 carbons in length.
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What are the three different eicosanoids?
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The four different types of eicosanoids are prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes.
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What are the two different types of enzymes used in the conversion of fatty acids to their eicosanoids?
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The two different types of enzymes used in lipid breakdown are cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase.
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Which enzymes yield prostanoids and thromboxanes?
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Prostanoids and thromboxanes are produced by cyclooxygenase.
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Which enzymes yield leukotrienes and lipoxins?
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Leukotrienes and lipoxins are produced by lipoxygenase.
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Why are Omega-3 and Omega-6 essential fatty acids?
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Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are essential because humans lack the ability to create double bonds at the 3 and 6 carbons.
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Which essential fatty acid is pro-inflammatory in nature?
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Omega-6 fatty acids are pro-inflammatory in nature.
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Which essential fatty acid is anti-inflammatory in nature?
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Omega-3 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory in nature.
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What is the difference between alpha-linoleNic acid and EPA & DHA?
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Alpha-linoleNic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid found in plants whereas EPA and DHA are omega-3 fatty acids found in fish and fish oils.
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Which hormone drives a small amount of alpha-linoleNic acid to be converted into EPA?
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Alpha-linoleNic acid is converted in small amounts to EPA by estrogen.
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What is the primary component in fats, both plant and animal?
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Triglycerides are the primary component in plant and animal fats.
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CCK stimulates what for lipid digestion?
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CCK stimulates pancreatic lipase and bile from the gallbladder.
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What does bicarbonate do for lipid digestion?
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Bicarbonate will increase the activity of lipase.
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What breaks down TG [from the diet] in the lumen of the gut to yield DG, MG, glycerol, and FFA?
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Bile and lipase breaks down TG in the lumen of the gut yielding DG, MG, glycerol, and FFA.
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In what order will a TG have it's FAs removed?
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Carbon #1 will have its FA removed first. Carbon #3 will have its FA removed second. (Saturated)
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What is cholesterol ester (from the diet) broken down into within the lumen of the gut?
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Cholesterol ester is broken down into cholesterol in the lumen of the gut.
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What is phosphatidylcholine broken down into within the lumen of the gut?
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Phosphatidylcholine is broken down into lyso-phosphatidylcholine in the lumed of the gut. (lyso-phosphatidylcholine is lecithin with a removed carbon #2)
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The micelle package what materials to be transported into the intestinal mucosal cell?
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The micelle will contain DG (small amounts, mostly are converted into MG), MG, FFA, cholesterol, lyso-phosphatidylcholine to be transported into the intestinal mucosal cell.
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What component of a lipid will freely diffuse through the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Glycerol will freely diffuse into the intestinal mucosal cell.
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After bile breaks down lipid components in the lumen of the gut, what happens to it?
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Bile will be transported into the micelle but not dumped into the intestinal mucosal cell. Rather, fiber will bind to bile and be excreted OR bile will go back to the liver via enterohepatic circulation (intestines -> liver).
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What are FFAs reformed in to once they enter the intestinal mucosal cell?
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FFAs are reformed in to triglycerides in the ER of the intestinal mucosal cell by having acyl CoA synthetase act on them to add CoA back on to the fatty acid to then be formed into TG.
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What are MGs reformed in to once they enter the intestinal mucosal cell?
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MGs are reformed in to triglycerides in the ER of the intestinal mucosal cell.
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What is cholesterol reformed in to once it enters the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Cholesterol can be reformed in to cholesterol ester in the ER of the intestinal mucosal cell, or left as cholesterol.
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What is lyso-phosphatidylcholine reformed in to once it enters the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Lyso-phosphatidylcholine is reformed in to phosphatidylcholine in the ER of the intestinal mucosal cell.
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What is absorbed directly into portal circulation?
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Short-chain and medium-chain FFAs bound to albumin can directly absorb into the portal system.
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What non-lipid component can form TG inside the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Glucose can be used to form TG within the ER of the intestinal mucosal cell. Glucose will be converted to DHAP, then to glycerol-3-P, which is then made in to TG.
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What is glycerol formed in to once it enters the intestinal mucosal cell?
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Glycerol is acted upon by the enzyme glycerol kinase to make glycerol-3-P, which is then made in to TG.
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What is a chylomicron?
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A chylomicron is a component made in the ER of the mucosal cell encasing the formed and reformed lipid components (long-chain TG, Cholesterol, CE, phosphatidylcholine) and an apoprotein used to transport these lipid particles through the lymphatic system.
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What is exclusive about the type of lipoprotein a chylomicron is?
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It is make from exogenous lipid components, meaning it's components came directly from the diet.
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What breaks down a chylomicron into chylomicron remnants in the blood vessel in order to get to the adipocyte?
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LPL (lipo-protein-lipase) breaks down chylomicrons.
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Why can glycerol not be converted into TG within the adipocyte?
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Adipocyte lacks the enzyme glycerol kinase and therefore cannot make TG from glycerol.
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What two LPL is used to metabolize lipids and which one is more effective?
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Insulin adipose LPL and muscle LPL break metabolize fat. Insulin adipose LPL will act on lipids faster than muscle LPL.
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In a fed/anabolic state what hormones will increase or decrease that have to do with lipid metabolism?
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In a fed state/anabolic state:
- insulin will increase - LPL will increase (they will drive the lipid components into adipose tissue for storage) |
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In a fasted/catabolic state what hormones will increase or decrease that have to do with lipid metabolism?
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In a fasted/catabolic state:
- epinephrin, norepinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon will increase - HSL will increase, or hormone sensitive lipase (it will get TG out of storage by cleaving/releasing them). |
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Where does Beta-Oxidation take place?
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Beta-Oxidation takes place within the Matrix of the mitochandria.
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What is carnitine used for?
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Carnitine is used to transport fat into the mitochandria for Beta-Oxidation.
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How many ATP does NADH2 produce?
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3 ATP.
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How many ATP does FADH2 produce?
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2 ATP.
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How many ATP does 1 turn of the TCA cycle produce?
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12 ATP.
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When ATP is converted into AMP + PPi, how many ATPs are produced?
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0; this is the equivalence to USING 2 ATP.
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What is the purpose of activating FA with CoA?
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The purpose of activating FA with CoA is for usage in the Kreb's cycle, which will in turn generate acetyl CoA at the end of Beta Oxidation.
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How many ATP does one turn of Beta Oxidation produce?
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5 ATP.
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What is current fat % intake?
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34% of kcals come from fat.
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What is the current saturated % fat intake?
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12% of kcals come from saturated fat.
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What is the recommended % fat intake?
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<10% from saturated fat
~10% from monounsaturated fat ~10% from polyunsaturated fat. |
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According the the American Heart Associated, what is the recommended intake for transfat?
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<1% total kcals from transfat.
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Of the following foods, how many grams of transfat can they possibly contain? (+/-)
Margarines or spreads Cookies Frozen Pizza Snacks (in general) |
Margarines or spreads: up to 3 grams/serving
Cookies: up to 3.5 grams/serving Frozen pizza: up to 5 grams/serving Snacks (in general): up to 7 grams/serving |
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What is the current cholesterol intake?
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400 - 500 mg/day.
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What is the recommended cholesterol intake?
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<300 mg/day
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What are a few functions of proteins?
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1) Structural basis of muscle and tissue
2) Major components of most enzymes 3) Source of energy |
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What are proteins made up of? (AKA: Protein chemistry)
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Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen*, and sulfur.
*Nitrogen is unique to protein |
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What is the generic structure of an amino acid?
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The generic structure of an amino acid is an amino group, central carbon, a carboxylic acid, and a side chain (R-group).
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How many amino acids [roughly] carry out all the functions of the body?
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Roughly 20 amino acids carry out all the functions of the body.
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What are dipeptides made up of?
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Dipeptides are made up of 2 amino acids.
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What are polypeptides made up of?
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Polypeptides are made up of 50-100 AAs.
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What are tripeptides made up of?
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Tripeptides are made up of 3 AAs.
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What are proteins made up of?
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Proteins are made up of greater than 100 AAs.
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What kind of bonds are AAs linked together with?
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AAs are linked together with peptide bonds.
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What is excreted when peptide bonds are formed?
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H2O is excreted when peptide bonds are formed.
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How many amino acids are essential?
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There are 9 essential, or INDISPENSABLE, amino acids which are NOT made in the body and are compromise health when not met.
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How many amino acids are nonessential?
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There are 11 nonessential or DISPENSABLE amino acids.
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What is a complete protein?
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A complete protein includes all amino acids. Complete proteins are associated with meat products.
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What is an incomplete protein?
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An incomplete protein is missing or limited in 1 or more amino acids. Incomplete proteins are associated with plant proteins.
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What are the essential amino acids?
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"PVT TM HILL"
- Histidine - Isoleucine - Leucine - Lysine - Methionine - Phenylalanine - Threonine - Tryptophan - Valine |
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What are the nonessential amino acids?
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- Alanine
- Arginine - Asparagine - Aspartic Acid - Cysteine - Glutamic Acid - Glycine - Proline - Serine - Tyrosine |
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What are the nonessential AAs that can become essential based upon medical conditions?
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- Arginine
- Cysteine - Glutamine - Proline - Tyrosine |
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What disease will damage the liver and make it so the body cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine or methionine to cysteine?
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Cirrhosis.
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What inborn error of metabolism will decrease the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which makes it so the body cannot convert phenylalanine to tyrosine?
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PKU.
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In what time frame should you consume complementary protein in order to synthesize proteins?
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24 hours.
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Protein quality depends on what two things?
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Protein quality depends on content and digestibility (how well it is broken down and used by the body).
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