Abnormal Psychology Unit 1

Front 1

general term that refers to several types of severe mental disorders in which the person is considered to be out of contact with reality

Back 1

psychosis

Front 2

clusters of persistent, maladaptive behaviors associated with impairment in social functioning

Back 2

mental disorder

Front 3

scientific study of frequency and distribution of disorders within a population

Back 3

epidemiology

Front 4

the # of new cases that appear in a population during a specific time

Back 4

incidence

Front 5

total # of active cases

Back 5

prevalence

Front 6

total proportion of people in a population affected by the disorder at some point during their lives

Back 6

lifetime prevalence

Front 7

presence of more than one condition within the same period of time

Back 7

comorbidity

Front 8

branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders

Back 8

psychiatry

Front 9

branch of medicine that applies psychological science to assessment/treatment of mental disorders

Back 9

clinical psychology

Front 10

What emphases do the Ph.D and Psy.D have?

Back 10

Ph.D - research
Psy.D - skills of assessment and treatment

Front 11

this person argued that abnormal behavior had natural causes, and that psychopathology resulted from excess or deficiency in any of four body fluids

Back 11

Hippocrates

Front 12

this person argued that cases could be traced to immoral behavior, improper living standards, and exposure to natural stresses

Back 12

Samuel Woodward

Front 13

cause of abnormal behavior

Back 13

etiology

Front 14

set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data to test theory

Back 14

paradigm

Front 15

integrating biological, psychological, and social research into studying the cause of abnormal behavior

Back 15

biopsychosocial model

Front 16

what three major events greatly advanced 20th century scientific understanding of abnormal behavior?

Back 16

1. writing of Sigmund Freud
2. discovery of general paresis
3. creating of academic discipline called psychology

Front 17

this paradigm holds that abnormal behavior is a product of learning

Back 17

cognitive behavioral paradigm

Front 18

this paradigm views human behavior as a product of free will, and therefore, it is impossible to determine causes of abnormal behavior

Back 18

humanistic paradigm

Front 19

focuses on smaller and smaller units, viewing the smallest unit as true or ultimate causes

Back 19

reductionism

Front 20

idea that whole is more than the sum of its parts

Back 20

holism

Front 21

view that there are many routes to the same destination

Back 21

equifinality

Front 22

holds that the same event can lead to different outcomes

Back 22

multifinality

Front 23

idea that causality operates in both directions

Back 23

reciprocal causality

Front 24

predisposition toward developing a disorder; stress model says disorders develop only when a stress is added on top of predisposition

Back 24

diathesis

Front 25

new approach that emphasizes importance of developmental norms (age-graded averages) to understanding influences on abnormal behavior

Back 25

developmental psychology

Front 26

pattern of behavior that precedes the onset of a disorder

Back 26

premorbid history

Front 27

predictable behavior for the course of a disorder

Back 27

prognosis

Front 28

tiny nerve cells that form the basic building blocks of the brain

Back 28

neuron

Front 29

cell body, the largest part of the neuron, which controls neurons metabolism and maintenance

Back 29

soma

Front 30

these receive messages from other cells

Back 30

dendrites

Front 31

"trunk"; outgoing messages generate here

Back 31

axon

Front 32

end of the axon, where messages are sent out

Back 32

axon terminal

Front 33

small gap filled with fluid that separates the axon from other cells

Back 33

synapse

Front 34

vesicles containing chemical substances located in the axon terminal

Back 34

neurotransmitters

Front 35

receivers of neurotransmitters

Back 35

receptors

Front 36

reabsorption; capturing same neurotransmitters and reusing them in neural transmission

Back 36

reuptake

Front 37

chemicals that can influence communication among many neurons by affecting the functioning of neurotransmitters

Back 37

neuromodulators

Front 38

part of the brain that controls basic bodily functions

Back 38

hindbrain

Front 39

part of the hindbrain that controls functions that sustain life (ex. heart rate, blood pressure, respiration)

Back 39

medulla

Front 40

part of the hindbrain that regulates sleep

Back 40

pon

Front 41

part of the hindbrain that coordinates physical movements

Back 41

cerebellum

Front 42

this part of the brain controls some motor activities, especially fighting and sex

Back 42

midbrain

Front 43

part of the midbrain that regulates sleeping and waking

Back 43

reticular activating system

Front 44

site of the brain at which most of the sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes take place

Back 44

forebrain

Front 45

part of the forebrain that is central to the regulation of emotion and basic learning processes

Back 45

limbic system

Front 46

part of the limbic system that receives sensory information

Back 46

thalamus

Front 47

part of the limbic system that controls biological urges such as eating, drinking, and sex

Back 47

hypothalamus

Front 48

2 major structures of the forebrain; site of most sensory, emotional, and cognitive processes

Back 48

cerebral hemispheres

Front 49

referring to the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, term that refers to the division of functions - each located primarily in ONE hemisphere of the brain

Back 49

lateralized

Front 50

which brain hemisphere deals with language?

Back 50

left

Front 51

when hemisphere of the brain deals with spatial organization and analysis?

Back 51

right

Front 52

connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Back 52

corpus callosum

Front 53

four connected chambers in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid; enlarged in some disorders

Back 53

ventricles

Front 54

uneven surface area of the brain underneath skull that controls integration of memory, sensory, and motor functions

Back 54

cerebral cortex

Front 55

this part of the cerebral cortex controls reasoning, planning, emotion, speech, and movement

Back 55

frontal lobe

Front 56

part of the cerebral cortex that controls sensory information and spatial reasoning

Back 56

parietal lobe

Front 57

this part of the cerebral cortex deals with sound smell, emotions, learning, memory, and language

Back 57

temporal lobe

Front 58

this part of the cerebral cortex deals with visual information

Back 58

occipital lobe

Front 59

collection of glands mainly comprised of ovaries/tests, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal gland

Back 59

endocrine system

Front 60

involuntary; regulates function of body organs

Back 60

autonomic nervous system

Front 61

part of the autonomic nervous system that deals with increased arousal and energy expenditure

Back 61

sympathetic nervous system

Front 62

part of the autonomic nervous system that deals with the slowing of arousal and energy conservation

Back 62

parasympathetic nervous system

Front 63

what is the goal of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 63

maintain a state of homeostasis

Front 64

ultramicroscopic units of DNA that carry information about heredity

Back 64

gene

Front 65

chainlike structures found in nucleus of cells; humans usually have 23

Back 65

chromosomes

Front 66

individuals actual genetic structure

Back 66

genotype

Front 67

expression of a given genotype

Back 67

phenotype

Front 68

term referring to the fact that most mental disorders are caused by more than one gene

Back 68

polygenetic

Front 69

index cases; family members who have a disorder

Back 69

probands

Front 70

what are the 5 characteristics of temperament when dealing with Bowlby's attachment theory?

Back 70

1. openness too experience
2. conscientiousness
3. extraversion
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism

Front 71

spiritual treatment of clipping a hole through one's skull to release evil spirits

Back 71

trephining

Front 72

deliberately inducing a seizure by passing electricity through the brain

Back 72

electroconvulsive therapy

Front 73

do psychotropic medications cure an illness?

Back 73

no - they simply relieve symptoms

Front 74

part of psychodynamic psychotherapies, release of previously unexpressed feelings

Back 74

catharsis

Front 75

part of psychodynamic psychotherapies, process whereby patients transfer their feelings to the analyst

Back 75

transference

Front 76

what are the three elements of systematic desensitization?

Back 76

1. progressive muscle relaxation
2. hierarchy of fears
3. learning process

Front 77

use of classical conditioning to create, NOT eliminate, an unpleasant response (usually used for alcoholics and smokers)

Back 77

aversion therapy

Front 78

operant conditioning that directly changes rewards/punishments for behaviors

Back 78

contingency management

Front 79

relationship between a behavior and its consequence

Back 79

contingency

Front 80

technique designed to challenge internal beliefs about oneself and the world

Back 80

rational-emotive therapy

Front 81

statistical procedure that allows researchers to combine results from different studies in a standardized way; average benefit of psychotherapy is .85 units

Back 81

meta-analysis

Front 82

disappearance of disorders without treatment

Back 82

spontaneous remission

Front 83

in family therapy, therapists emphasize interdependence of viewing the individual within the family system

Back 83

systems theory

Front 84

this level of prevention tries to improve environment in order to prevent new cases of mental disorders

Back 84

primary prevention

Front 85

this level of prevention involves the early detection of emotional problems

Back 85

secondary prevention

Front 86

this level of prevention involves intervention that occurs after the illness has been identified

Back 86

tertiary prevention

Front 87

list of various types of problems and their associated symptoms; used to subdivide or organize a set of objects

Back 87

classification system

Front 88

does a diagnosis of an illness identify the cause?

Back 88

NO

Front 89

person is rated on 5 separate axes, each concerned with own domain of information

Back 89

multiaxial classification system

Front 90

ataques de nervios is an example of what?

Back 90

culture-bound symptoms, aka idioms of distress

Front 91

consistency of measurements, including diagnostic decisions

Back 91

reliability

Front 92

agreement among clinicians

Back 92

interrater reliability

Front 93

meaning/importance of a measurement

Back 93

validity

Front 94

concerned with factors that contribute to the onset of a disorder

Back 94

etiological validity

Front 95

concerned with the present time and correlations between disorder and other symptoms, circumstances, and test procedures

Back 95

concurrent validity

Front 96

concerned with future and stability of the problem over time

Back 96

predictive validity

Front 97

this type of observational procedures focuses on frequency and timing of specific events

Back 97

behavioral coding system

Front 98

altering ones behavior, either intentionally or unintentionally, when knowingly being observed

Back 98

reactivity

Front 99

objective tests that consist of a series of straightforward statement with T/F answers from patient

Back 99

personality inventories

Front 100

analyzing results of a test based on explicit sets of rules derived form empirical research

Back 100

actuarial interpretation

Front 101

this technique produces images that are generated using strong magnetic fields rather than x rays, providing static images of brain structures

Back 101

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 102

this provides detailed images of the brain that reflect changes in brain activity as a person responds to various tasks

Back 102

position emission tomography (PET)

Front 103

this provides a measure of moment-to-moment changes in the amount of oxygen flowing to the areas of the brain

Back 103

functional MRI

Front 104

this legal view holds that human behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social factors

Back 104

determinism

Front 105

this man argues for abolishment of insanity defense, while supporting rights of mental patients

Back 105

Szasc

Front 106

this test established "right from wrong" principle for determining insanity

Back 106

M'Naughten Test

Front 107

this test holds that the accused is not responsible of unlawful act if it was the product of mental disease or defect

Back 107

product test

Front 108

involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill

Back 108

civil commitment

Front 109

philosophy that the government has the responsibility to care for its weaker members

Back 109

parens patriae

Front 110

population frequencies, useful in determining/predicting dangerousness

Back 110

base rate

Front 111

this technique produces images that are generated using strong magnetic fields rather than x rays, providing static images of brain structures

Back 111

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Front 112

this provides detailed images of the brain that reflect changes in brain activity as a person responds to various tasks

Back 112

position emission tomography (PET)

Front 113

this provides a measure of moment-to-moment changes in the amount of oxygen flowing to the areas of the brain

Back 113

functional MRI

Front 114

this legal view holds that human behavior is determined by biological, psychological, and social factors

Back 114

determinism

Front 115

this man argues for abolishment of insanity defense, while supporting rights of mental patients

Back 115

Szasc

Front 116

this test established "right from wrong" principle for determining insanity

Back 116

M'Naughten Test

Front 117

this test holds that the accused is not responsible of unlawful act if it was the product of mental disease or defect

Back 117

product test

Front 118

involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill

Back 118

civil commitment

Front 119

philosophy that the government has the responsibility to care for its weaker members

Back 119

parens patriae

Front 120

population frequencies, useful in determining/predicting dangerousness

Back 120

base rate

Front 121

this term refers to patient knowledge of procedure and risks, patient understanding of information and free consent of treatment, and patient competence

Back 121

informed consent

Front 122

independent guardian who makes decision on behalf of incompetent patient

Back 122

substituted judgement