Abnormal Psychology Chp 1

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abnormal psychology

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the subfield of psychology that addresses the causes and progression of psychological disorders; also referred to as psychopathology

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psychological disorder

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a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that causes significant personal distress, significant impairment in daily life, and/or significant risk of harm, and of which is unusual for the context and culture in which it arises.

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distress

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when a person with a psychological disorder experiences distress, it is often out of proportion to a situation

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impairment in daily life

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a significant reduction of an individuals ability to function in some area of life.
it is the degree of impairment that indicates a psychological disorder

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psychosis

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an impaired ability to percieve reality to the extent that normal functioning is not possible, The two types of psychotic symptoms are hallucinations and delusions.

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hallucinations

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sensations that are so vivid that the perceived objects or events seem real, although they are not. Hallucinations can occur in any of the five senses

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delusions

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persistent false beliefs that are held despite evidence that the beliefs are incorrect or exaggerate reality

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risk of harm

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the criterion of danger refers to symptoms of a psychological disorder that lead to life or property being put at risk, either accidentally or intentionally

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culture

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the shared norms and values of a society that are explicitly and implicitly conveyed to its members by example and through the use of reward and punishment

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moral treatment

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the treatment of the mentally ill that provided an environment in which people with mental illness were treated with kindness and respect and functioned as part of a community

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neurasthenia

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nerve weakness

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hysteria

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a disorder marked by physical symptoms such as paralysis, blindness, and bodily tics for which doctors could find no specific medical cause

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hypnosis

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a trancelike state of consciousness in which a person is susceptible to suggestions about his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

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psychoanalytic theory

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the theory that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are a result of conscious and unconscious forces continually interacting in the mind

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Id

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according to Freud, the seat of sexual and aggressive drives, as well as of the desire for immediate gratification of physical and psychological needs

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superego

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according to Freud, the seat of the conscience, which works to impose morality

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ego

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according to Freud, the psychic structure that is charged with mediating between the id's demands for immediate gratification and the superego's high standards of morality, as well as the constraints of external reality

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psychosexual stages

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according to Freud, the sequence of five distinct stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) through which children proceed from infancy to adulthood; each stage has a key task that must be completed successfully for healthy psychological development

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neurosis

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a pattern of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that expresses an unresolved conflict between the ego and the id or between the ego and the superego

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defense mechanisms

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unconscious processes that work to transform psychological conflict so as to prevent unacceptable thoughts and feelings from reaching consciousness

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repression

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unintentionally keeping conflict inducing thoughts or feelings out of consciousness awareness

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denial

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not acknowledging the conflict-inducing thoughts or feelings to oneself

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rationalization

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justifying the conflict-inducing thoughts, feelings or behaviors with explanations

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projection

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ascribing the conflict inducting thoughts or feelings onto others

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reaction formation

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transforming the conflict inducing thoughts or feelings into their opposite

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sublimation

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channeling the conflict inducing thoughts or feelings into less threatening behaviors

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mental processes

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the internal operations that underlie cognitive and emotional functions (such as perception, memory, and guilt feelings) and most human behavior

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mental contents

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the specific material that is stored in the mind and operated on by mental processes

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behaviorism

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the approach to psychology that focuses on understanding directly observable behaviors in order to understand mental illness and other psychological phenomena

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cognitive psychology

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the area of psychology that studies mental processes starting from the analogy of information processing by a computer

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diathesis stress model

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the model that proposes that a psychological disorder is triggered when a person with a predisposition for the particular disorder experiences an environmental event that causes significant stress

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biopsychosocial approach

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the view that a psychological disorder arises from the combined influences of three types of factors- biological, psychological, and social

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neuropsychosocial approach

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the view that a psychological disorder arises from the combined influences of neurological, psychological, and social factors- which affect and are affected by one another through feedback loops