Abnormal Psych Pop Quiz 1 (Ch 1, 2, 7, 8)

Front 1

Mental disorders are defined as:

Back 1

Conditions causing subjective distress and unhappiness

And/or

Dysfunctions or breakdowns in psychological or biological processes that cause harm

(Dysfunction or Distress)

Front 2

Three major steps in assessment and diagnosis

Back 2

1) Gathering information

2) Organizing information into clinical description

3) Using the information to make a diagnosis

Front 3

Clinicians collect assessment data from 5 different sources which they combine to make a diagnosis

Back 3

1) Life Records

2) Interviews

3) Psychological Tests

4) Observation

5) Biological Measures

Front 4

Reliability

Back 4

Consistency or agreement among assessment data. (Shooting a can with a BB gun, but hitting too far left)

Test-Retest Reliability: When something is tested multiple times with similar results

Inter-Rater Reliability: When a lot of clinicians reach the same diagnosis or conclusion using the same tool

Front 5

Validity

Back 5

The degree to which an assessment tool measures what it is meant to measure. (Adjusting the sight of the BB gun so it hits center)

Content Validity: The extent to which a tool measures the full domain of what it is meant to publish

Predictive Validity: The extent to which a tool can predict results

Concurrent Validity: When the results of one tool produce similar results to a similar tool

Front 6

Scientific Classifications of Mental Disorders

Back 6

First appeared in US with first DSM in 1952

International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is used outside of North America

Front 7

Characteristics of DSM-5 diagnoses

Back 7

Person's behavior is compared to set of specific criteria

Must satisfy a specific number of these criteria

Person is assessed for medical disorders, stressors, functioning, as well as mental disorders

Front 8

Diagnosis of mental disorders in the real world is influenced by

Back 8

Financial factors

Privacy

Ethnic and Cultural Factors

Front 9

Prevalence of Mental Disorders

Back 9

1/3 of adults will experience some kind of mental disorder

1/4 have already

Front 10

M.A.P.S

Back 10

Medical Myths: Drugs are the best answer

Attempted Answers: Symptoms appear as attempted answers to problems

Prejudicial Pigeonholing: Thinking of a person unfairly because they belong to a particular group

Superficial Symptoms: Diagnoses are made through symptoms that are visible.

Front 11

Views of abnormal behavior are influenced by

Back 11

Historical context, social attitudes, cultural standards

Front 12

Key figures in the history of the development of scientific approaches to abnormal behavior

Back 12

Hippocrates and Galen: Developed treatments of abnormal behavior from medical knowledge

Avicenna: Writings helped persevere Greek and Roman knowledge during medieval era

Panel: Leader of the moral treatment movement

Sigmund Freud: Created the first purely psychological model of abnormal behavior

Front 13

Biological Model explians

Back 13

Abnormal behavior in terms of physical malfunctions of nervous system. Interested in:

Cerebral Cortex: Part of the brain involved in abstract thought and language

Hypothalamus: Forebrain structure that responds to stress and helps regulate emotion and memory Receives info from autonomic nervous system (physiological arousal) and connects to the pituitary glad (directs endocrine system).

Neurotransmitters: Chemical messengers, stimulate or inhibit firing of other neurons

Genes: Composed of DNA, influence an organism's characteristics through proteins, interact with each other and environment

Front 14

Psychological and Sociocultural Model

Back 14

Emphasizes different sets of psychological or Sociocultural factors that contribute to abnormal behavior; are associated with interventions to change these factors

Psychodynamic theories

Interpersonal theories

Behavioral theories

Cognitive theories

Humanistic theories

Sociocultural model

Front 15

Diathesis-Stress Model

Back 15

Combination of biological, psychological, and social models. Biopsychosocial.

Any disorder results from the combined effects of two influences: 1) a diathesis: predisposition or vulnerability 2) a stressor: an event significant enough to trigger this predisposition/vulnerability

Front 16

Scientific Method provides most vital way for mental health professionals to:

Back 16

Study mental disorders

Resolve disputes between models/theories/treatments

Answer new questions

Front 17

Scientific Method

Back 17

Collect data to test hypotheses --> test hypotheses through experiments --> Draw casual conclusions

Front 18

Fear

Back 18

A set of emotional, behavioral, and physical responses to danger

Front 19

Panic

Back 19

Fear when no actual danger is present

Front 20

Anxiety

Back 20

Diffuse or vague sense of apprehension that some aversive event will occur accompanied by fearful behavior and physiological arousal. Future oriented.

Front 21

Anxiety Disorder

Back 21

Specific conditions in which fear or anxiety and their associated avoidance behaviors are clearly experienced as the core of the disturbance

Front 22

Fear + Anxiety of Phobia

Back 22

Fear = Expected panic with fight or flight response to a situation

Anxiety = Worry about possible panic and or being in that feared situation

Front 23

Fear + Anxiety of Panic Disorder

Back 23

Fear = Unexpected "false alarm" fight or flight being triggered accidentally

Anxiety = Worry about future panic attacks or their consequences

Front 24

Fear + Anxiety of GAD

Back 24

Anxiety = Extreme worry producing fatigue, insomnia, and muscle tension

Front 25

Fear + Anxiety of OCD

Back 25

Anxiety = Extreme worry with a specific focus and a behavioral solution

Front 26

Fear + Anxiety of PTSD

Back 26

Fear = Expected panic from a past true alarm where there was real danger

Anxiety = Worry about re-experiencing the true alarm

Front 27

Phobia

Back 27

Irrational, excessive fear of specific objects or situations that cause intense distress and interfere with everyday life

Most common anxiety disorder

Includes specific phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder

Most likely in people who are predisposed to overreact physiologically to stimuli and who have had or heard of frightening experiences with a stimulus

Treated by exposure

Front 28

Specific Phobias

Back 28

Intense persistent fear of specific objects or situations that pose little or no actual threat

Front 29

Social Anxiety Disorder

Back 29

Excessive fear of situations inn which a person may be evaluated and possibly embarrassed

Front 30

Self-Efficacy

Back 30

Confidence that a person will be able to act effectively in a situation

Front 31

Panic Disorder

Back 31

Consists of intense, unexpected attacks of panic coupled with the dread of having more attacks

Often linked to Agoraphobia

Appears in most parts of the world, more prevalent in women than men

May be caused by biological predisposition to overreact physically to stressors. A tendency to misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of danger. Low perceived control over negative events

Can be treated effectively with CBT

Front 32

Preparedness Theory

Back 32

People are biologically predisposed to become afraid of object or situations that were dangerous to our ancestors and had significance to our ancestors

Front 33

Treatment for phobias and SAD

Back 33

Exposure: Avoidance behavior is discontinued and people gradually (graduated exposure) or all at once (flooding) face feared situations. Could be first imagination (systematic desensitization).

Modeling: Vicarious learning to reduce fears. Clients observe therapist interacting with the object of fear without

Increasing self-efficacy

Front 34

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 34

A mental disorder in which anxiety is experienced as free floating, not connected to any specific stimulus that is pervasive enough to interfere with daily functioning

Worrying is used to distract from troubling images

Frontal lobe and limbic system

Treated with anti-depressant drugs and CBT

Front 35

Participant Modeling

Back 35

A combination of in vivo exposure and modeling. Therapist uses modeling until the patient is less afraid, then continues with exposure

Front 36

Treatment for Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

Back 36

CBT using:

Breathing Retraining: Teaching clients to reduce bearing rate, promoting relaxation and combating hyperventilation. Give them more sense of control over what the body does

Cognitive Restructuring: Correcting misinterpretation of harmless bodily sensations using logic and evidence

Interoceptive Exposure: Exposure to somatic cues that often trigger an attack and talking through them

Anti-anxiety drugs

Panic Control: The 3 CBT treatments for disorder + education about panic disorders

Front 37

Treatment for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 37

CBT using

Cognitive Restructuring: Identifying and challenging anxiety producing thoughts

Benzodiazepines

Front 38

Causes of Specific Phobias and Social Anxiety Disorder

Back 38

Biological:

Moderately heritable

Amygdala (emotion regulator) in Limbic System (circuit of brain structures) can trigger adrenal gland to produce epinephrine (adrenaline)

Gamma Amniobutyric Acid (GABA) neurotransmitter that inhibits neurons may be low

Preparedness theory

Behavior and Cognitive Factors:

Conditioning

Vicarious Conditioning

Self Monitoring and Criticism

Social:

Hearing or Reading about dangers associated with stimuli

Parenting

Adverse life effects

Gender roles

Front 39

Causes of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia

Back 39

Biological:

Fairly heritable

Locus Ceruleus hypersensitivity

Cognitive-Behavioral:

Misconceptions of bodily sensations

Diathesis-Stress (genetic contribution, diminished sense of perceived control, elevated levels of anxiety sensitivity)

Front 40

Causes of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Back 40

Biological:

Moderate heritability

Frontal Lobe abnormality

Psychosocial:

Need to keep tight control over everything

Need to be ready for any event

Cognitive Avoidance Theory

Front 41

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Back 41

An anxiety disorder that involves recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are serious enough to adversely affect a person's life

Some similarity to Tourette's Disorder

Front 42

Obsession

Back 42

An unwanted, disturbing, often irrational though, feeling or image that people can't get out of their minds

Front 43

Compulsion

Back 43

A repetitive, nearly irresistible act that a person performs in response to an obsession

Front 44

Hoarding Disorder

Back 44

A mental disorder in which individuals have persistent difficulties discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value, leading to severe cluttering of their personal living spaces

Front 45

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD)

Back 45

A mental disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with one or more perceived defects in their physical appearance and perform repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response

Frequently leads to plastic surgery, which does not fix it

Front 46

Trichotillomania (TTM)

Back 46

A mental disorder that involves recurrent pulling out of one's hair, resulting in distress and hair loss, along with repeated attempts to decrease or stop the hair pulling

Front 47

Excoriation (Skin Picking Disorder)

Back 47

A mental disorder that involves recurrent skin picking, resulting in distress and skin lesions, with repeated attempts to decrease or stop the picking

Front 48

Causes of OCD and related disorders

Back 48

Neurobiological:

Altered Glutamate (Most prominent neurotransmitter, main excitatory transmitter, precursor for GABA) concentrations

Lower Serotonin (Influences emotion, sleep, behavioral control) concentration

Lack of Glutamate and GABA in Basal Ganglia (Brain cells in Forebrain responsible for voluntary motor movement, procedural learning, habits, behavior, and emotion) which results in repetitive stereotyped movements/behaviors/thoughts

Cognitive Behavioral:

Vicious Cycle (Stress causes obsessive thinking --> obsessive thinking thought of as bad --> compulsions are used --> compulsions are reinforced

Dangerous thoughts that must be stopped

Learning acquired predispositions

Social:

Parenting (too strict)

Adverse life effects

Front 49

Treatment of OCD and related disorders

Back 49

Not easy to treat

Cingulotomy: A surgery in which a small amount of tissue in the brain is destroyed. Only effective for minority of patients

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Activating the brain with magnets

SSRIs

CBT with two components

1) Exposure to feared stimulus

2) Response prevention Keeping the person from performing anxiety-reducing rituals

- Combined to make Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

Front 50

Perceptual Retraining

Back 50

Used for BDD. Observing whole self in mirrors not just obsessed part of body

Front 51

Habit Reversal Training

Back 51

For TTM and Skin Picking. Three components:

1) Awareness Training: Being aware of actions and thoughts and emotions present during behavior

2) Competing Response Training: Doing something that makes the behavior impossible

3) Social Support: Having a friend to recognize behaviors and remind them to use competing response training