Abnormal Psych Quiz 1 Vocab

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anti-anxiety drugs

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psychotropic medication which reduce tension and worry, better known as anxiety. increases receptor sensitvity (adds more receptor sites)

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antidepressant drugs

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psychotropic medication which lift the mood of depressed people (SSRI- selective seratonin reuptake inhibitor) decreases reuptake

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asylum

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a type of institution that first became popular in the 16th century to provide care for persons with mental disorders...most became virtual prisons

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Bedlam

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Bethlehem Hospital given to the city of London in 1547 by Henry VIII for sole purpose of confining mentally ill patients. They were bound in chains, it became a tourist attraction. Now, Bedlam has come to mean a chaotic uproar

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Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

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physician at Pennsylvania Hospital responsible for spreading moral treatment in the U.S., now considered the father of American psychiatry. limited his practice to mental illness, required hospitals to have intelligent and sensitive attendants. friend of George Washington, signed Declaration of Independence. believed democracy itself was a form of therapy, people would have less problems with more participation in society.

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Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

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Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in U.S.. Went to state legislatures and spoke of horrors she saw in asylums, called for reform. Her campaign led to new laws and greater govt. funding for treatment of people w/ mental disorders => state hospitals

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case study

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detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems. Describes their history, present circumstances, and symptoms. May also speculate about how the problems developed and possible treatment

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community treatment

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treatment approach that emphasizes community care. Programs allow patients to receive treatment in a familiar social surrounding as they try to recover

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deinstitutionalization

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began in 1960's, releasing of hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals

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double-blind study

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experimental procedure in which neither the participant nor the experimenter know which group is the control or experimental group

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epidemiology

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the study of distribution, prevalence, and intensity of disorders in a population. A medical approach to finding what's out there

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epidemiological study

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measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population. "descriptive studies" - doesn't try to predict or explain why/when

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incidence

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the number of new cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time

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longitudinal study

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a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time

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managed care

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system of health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services

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moral treatment

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19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment

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multicultural psychology

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field of psych that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior

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positive psychology

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study and enhancement of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness, positive traits like hard work and wisdom, positive abilities such as social skills and other talents

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prevalence

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total number of cases in the population during a given time period; prevalence includes both existing and new cases

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prevention

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interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop. Rather than wait for psychological disorders to occur, many of today's community programs try to correct the social conditions that underlie psychological problems (poverty or violence) and to help individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems

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psychogenic perspective

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the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological

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psychotropic medications

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drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

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symptom

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emotions, behaviors, cognitions relating to the global functioning of the central nervous system, that are signs or indicators of a disorder

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trephination

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ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull to release "evil spirits", perhaps to treat abnormal behavior

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discourse

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written/spoken communication in thoughts, beliefs, theories, literature: how we behave is formed by our conversations and interactions with others - socially construct your narrative through discourse

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hegemonic

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an indirect form of dominance; dominating belief theory that overshadows fringe belief

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narrative

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the WAY we tell our story and describe things going on

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marginalization

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exclusion from meaningful participation (when norms are not met)

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medicalization

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considering disorder to be in the realm of medical professionals and so treatment is in need/use of medication

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re-medicalization

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in reference to DSMIII: with its syptom-based orientation, the DSMIII contributed significantly to a biological vision of mental health - which stresses the neurosciences, brain chemistrym and medications

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social constructionism

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school of thought that emerged in the 60's, critiques bio-medical theories, perspective on knowledge and reality: how we understand something and why things exist in society are based on our interaction

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amygdala

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plays a key role in emotional memory

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anti-psychotic drugs

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psychotropic drugs that help reduce confusion, hallucinations and delusions found in psychotic disorders. "receptor blockade": reduce receptor sensitivity

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axon

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a long fiber extending from the neuron's body

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bio-psycho-social theories

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explanations that attribute the cause of abnormality to an interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences

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cerebrum

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cluster of regions toward the top of the brain. Within: cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala. some psychological disorders can be traced to abnormal functioning of neurons in the cerebrum

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cognitive-behavioral therapies

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therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and ways of thinking by bridging the behavioral and cognitive model

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corpus callosum

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connects the brain's two cerebral hemispheres

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culture-sensitive therapies

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approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of minority groups

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defense mechanisms

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strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

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dendrite

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antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron that recieve impulses from other neurons

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family therapy

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therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways

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group therapy

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therapy format in which a group of people with similar problems meet together with a therapist to work on those problems. Together they develop important insights, build social skills, strengthen feelings of self-worth, and share useful information or advice

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hormones

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chemicals released by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and thus propel body organs into action

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model

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set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations (a paradigm)

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glial cell

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type of cell that helps neurons to form both synapases and connections when the brain is developing, influences the communication among neurons and generally helps in care and feeding neurons

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mood stabilizers

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psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from a bipolar mood disorder (antipsychotic drugs)

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multicultural perspective

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view that each culture within a larger society has a particular set of values and beliefs, as well as special external pressures, that help account for the behavior and functioning of its members. (culturally diverse perspective). An individual's behavior is best understood when examined in light of that individual's unique cultural context

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neuron

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a nerve cell. they cluster up in groups to form brain regions that are in charge of different functions

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neurotransmitter

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a chemical that, released by one neuron form the axon, crosses the synaptic cleft to be recieved at receptors on the dendrites of neighboring neurons

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receptor

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a site on a neuron that recieves a neurotransmitter

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self-help groups

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a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support one another without the direct leader of a clinician (mutual help group)

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serotonin

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neurons involved in feelings of satisfaction, pain suppression, regulates sleep, appetite, sexual behavior. decreased levels may lead to depression, OCD, and eating disorders

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synapse

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tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another

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synaptic vesicle

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stores neurotransmitters and releases them by fusing with the presynaptic membrane

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synaptic cleft

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the space between the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron

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thalamus

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the part of the brain that recieves and processes all sensory modalities, except smell. Also critical for awareness

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assessment

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the process of collecting and interpreting relevnt information about a client or subject

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BDI (Beck Depression Inventory)

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21 item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression

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diagnosis

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a determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder

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DSM IV

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lists approximately 400 mental disorders. Each entry describes a criteria for diagnosing the disorder and its key clinical features, accompanied by text information

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DSM-5

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addresses reliability and validity limitations of previous DSM, adds a socio-cultural aspect to diagnoses

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intelligence test

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test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability. *high validity *most common: Mental Status Exam (MSE)

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IQ

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intelligence quotient: a general score derived from an intelligence test that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity

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Mental Status Exam (MSE)

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a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the nature and degree of a person's mental functioning

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MMPI

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, important personality assessment with true/false questions

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neuroimaging

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neurology tests that provides images of brain sturcture or activity, such as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs. (brain scans)

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personality inventories

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a test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate either as characteristic or uncharacteristic of them

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projective tests

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psychological test in which a subject's responses to ambiguous or unstructured standard stimuli are analyzed in order to determine underlying personality traits, felings, or attitudes. Rorschach Test, TAT, Sentence-Completion test, drawings

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response inventories

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tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as afect, social skills, or cognitive processes

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syndrome

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a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together

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agoraphobia

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anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable

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anxiety

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the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

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benzodiazepines

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the most common group of anti-anxiety meds, including Valium and Xanax

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biofeedback

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a treatment technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily

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compulsion

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a repetetive or rigid behavior or mental act that persons feel they must perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety

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dopamine

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hormone responsible for pleasure that is released, gives happiness and pleasure

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exposure & response prevention

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clients are first taught to view their obsessive thoughts as inaccurate occurrences rather than as valid and dangerous cognitions for which they are responsible and upon which they must act. As they become better able to identify and recognize the thoughts for what they are, they also become less inclined to act on them

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fear

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the CNS's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

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flooding

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a treatment for phobias in which clients are exposed repeatedly and intensively to a feared object and made to see that it is actually harmless

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GABA

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gamma-aminobutyric acid, neurotransmitter whose low activity has been linked to G.A.D.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry and numerous events and activities

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glutamate

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basic and common amino acid used to form proteins. *also a neurotransmitter, must be received by glutamate receptor which are on most nerve cells

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locus ceruleus

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brain area rich in neurons that use norepinephrine. When it is electrically stimulated in monkeys, they have a panic-like reaction, suggesting that panic reactions may be related to increases in norepinephrine activity in the locus ceruleus

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norepinephrine

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fight-or-flight response, hormone responsible for panic and anxiety

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obsession

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a persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive, and causes anxiety

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OCD

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characterized by feeling of being overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform repetetive actions to reduce anxiety
*NOT an anxiety disorder in DSM-5...will be its own category

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orbital (orbito)

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region of brain that deals with excretion,sexuality, violence, and other primitive actions

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panic disorder

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continuous feeling of panic when there is no reason for it, or panic is very much exaggerated

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phobia

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a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation

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sedative-hypnotics

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drugs that calm people at lower doses and put them to sleep at higher doses

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social phobia

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a severe and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur

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stress management program

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problem of stress in the workplace, about 20% employers now offer some kind of stress reduction program such as yoga

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acute stress disorder (ASD)

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lingering anxiety reactions to unusually traumatic events

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adjustment disorder

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people's reaction to a major stressor in their lives with extended and excessive feelings of anxiety, depressed mood, or antisocial behaviors
*adolescence
*most common disorder

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ANS

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network of fibers that connect the central nervous system to all other organs of the body

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behavioral medicine

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a field that combines psychological and physical interventions to treat or prevent medical problems

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combat trauma

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during the horror of combat, soldiers often become highly anxious and depressed and physically ill. For many, these reactions to extraordinary stress continue well beyond the combat experience

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corticosteroids

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hormones released by the adrenal cortex that act on other body organs to trigger arousal and fear reactions

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factitious disorder

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people who often go to extremes to create the appearance of illness

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HPA pathway

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hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal. one route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear

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immune system

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body's network of activities and cells that identify and destroy antigens and cancer cells

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insomnia

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inability to fall asleep

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parasympathetic nervous system

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helps return ou rheartbeat and other body proceses to normal (after fear??)

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psychological factors affecting medical condition

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1. presence of a medical condition
2. psychological factors adversely affecting general medical condition in one of the following ways: influence course of general medical condition, interfere w/ treatment of gen. med. con., posing additional health risks, stress-related responses precipitating or exacerbating gen. med. con.

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comorbidity

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the occurence of two or more disorders in the same person