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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Biological Model
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viewing abnormal behavior as an illness brought by malfunctioning parts of the organism (brain anatomy and brain chemistry)
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Three Sources of bio abnormalities that are attentive
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1. genetics
2. evolution 3. viral infections |
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Treatments
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drug therapy, electronconvulsive therapy, neurosurgery
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Anti Anxiety Drugs
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minor tranquilzers that reduce tension/anxiety
(Xanax) |
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Anti Depressants
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improves mood of depressed people (Prozac)
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Anti Bipolar Drugs
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also called mood stabilzers; stablizes the mood of people with bipolar (Lithium)
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Antipsychotic Drugs
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helps reduce confusion, hallucinations, and dellusions of psychotic disorders. (Haldol)
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Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)
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where two ellctrodes are attached to a patient's forehead and an electrical current of 65-140 volts
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Neurosurgery
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(psychosurgery) brain surgery for mental disorders
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Limits of the Biological Model
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1. proponents expect all people can be explained in biological terms and treated with biological methods
2. much of the evidence is incomplete or inconclusive 3. many of the biological treatments produce side effects |
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The Psychodynamic Model
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determined largely by underlying psychological forces of a person unconsciously aware
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How did Freud Explain Normal and Abnormal Functioning?
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three central forces shape the personality(instinctual needs, rational thinking, moral standards)
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The Id
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the central force that denotes instictual needs, drives, and impulses (pleasure priciple)
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The Ego
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the central force that guides us to know what we can and cant express through impulses
(reality priciple) |
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The Super Ego
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the force that represents a person's values and ideals
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Psychodynamic Therapies
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Free Association
Therapist Interpretation Catharsis Working Through |
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Free Association
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where the patient describes any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind
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Therapist Interpretation
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resistance(unconscious refusals) transference act or feel toward the therapist as if they were someone else
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Catharsis
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relieving of past experiences to help settle problems
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Working Through
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facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems
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Limits on Psychodyamic Model
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1.hard to define and research
2.under emphasis on social relationships |
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Behavioral Model
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actions determined largely by experiences in life, concentrats wholly on behaviors and learning
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Conditioning
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simple form of learning
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Operant
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behavior learned by observing others (modeling, Skinner)
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Classical
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temporal asscociation (Pavlov) where two events occur close together
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Behavioral Therapies
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1.relaxation skills
2.fear hieracy 3.confront situations(move less stressful to more stressful) |
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Limits on Behavioral Therapies
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1.no evidence that disorders are caused from improper conditioning
2.too simplistic 3.doesnt incorporate cognition 4.difficult to mange contingencies |
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Cognitive Model
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We are all artists that reproduce and create the world in or minds as we try to understand events going on
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Illogical Thinking
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when people constantly think illogically and keep arriving at self defeating conclusions
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Cognitive Therapy
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therapists help clients recognize the negative thoughts, biased interpretations, and errors that dominate their thinking
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Limits on Cognitve Model
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1.precise role hasnt been determined
2.doesnt help everyone lower emphasision present 3.narrow focus |
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Humanistic Existence Model
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humans are born with natural tendency to be good (self actualization:fulfill potential)
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Gesalt Therapy
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guides clients towards self recognition and acceptance
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Psychosexual Developmental stages
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-Oral (0 to 18 months of age)
-Phallic (3 to 5 years of age) Latency (5 to 12 years of age) -Genital (12 years of age to adulthood) |
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Existential Theory
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where many people become overwhelmed by the pressures of present day society and look to others for explanations, guidance, and authority
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Existential Therapy
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when people are encouraged to accept responsiblity for their lives and problems
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Limits on Humanistic Existence Model
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difficult to research
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Sociocultural Model
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when abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the social and cultural forces that influence a person
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How Do Sociocultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning?
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-societal labels and roles
-social networks/supports(social & prof relationships) -family structure and Comm -religion and spirituality -culture |
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Sociocultrual Treatments
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-culture sensitive:special issues from minority groups
-group -family -communit -couple |
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Limits on Sociocultural Model
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-hard to research
-inability to predict abnormality in specific people |
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Clinical Assessment
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collecting relevant info in an effect to reach a conclusion about an abnormal behavior
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Standardize
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the way a clinican interprets results of an assessment tool to understand what a score means
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Reliability
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consistency of assessment measures (getting the same results)
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Validity
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accurately measuring what it suppoesed to measure
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Face Validity
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an assessment tool that seems to be valid bc it makes sense and seems reasonable
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Predictive Validity
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tools ablity to predict future characteristics or behaviors
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Concurrent Validity
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where the measurers gathered from tool to agree w/ measures gathered from other assessment techniques
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3 Types of Clinical Interviews
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1.psychodynamic(tries to learn about person's social needs & memories of past events & relationships)
2.behavioral(tries to pinpoint precise nature of abnormal response 3.cognitive(tries to discover assumptions & interpretations that influence people) |
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Unstructured Interview
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(psychodynamic and humanistic)
clician asks open ended questions ex "tell me about yourself" |
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Structured Interview
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(behavioral and cognitive)
clinicans ask prepared questions |
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Limitations of Clinical Interviews
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-sometimes lack validity/accuracy
-people give an inaccurate report of themselves -interviews make mistakes that slant info they gather(bias) -mostly unstructured ones lack reliability |
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Clinical Tests
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devices for gathering info about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning
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Projective Tests
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require subjects to interpret vague stimuli like ink blots
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Roschach Tests
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ink blot tests that corresponds w/ a person's psychological condition
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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a pictorial projective test commonly shown in blk and white of people in vague situations
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Sentence Completion Test
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asks people to complete series of unfinished sentences
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Drawings
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clinicans ask clients to draw human figures and to talk about them
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Projective Tests Strenghts and Weaknesses
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-Helpful for providing “supplementary”
information -Have rarely demonstrated much reliability or validity -May be biased against minority ethnic groups |
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Personality Inventories
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A standardized scale (or set of scales) that
assess various aspects of the personality by asking individuals to respond to a list of characteristics or situations. |
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Strengths on Personality Inventories
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-Objectively scored and
standardized -Easier, cheaper, and faster to administer than projective tests -Appear to have greater validity than projective tests |
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Limitations of Personality Inventories
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-Tests often fail to allow
for cultural differences in responses -Measured traits often cannot be directly examined |
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Response Inventories
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asks people to provide detailed infor about themselves, but tests focus on one on one specic area
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Psychophysiological Tests
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measures physiological responses as possible indicators of psychologial problems
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Neurological & Neuropsychological Tests
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measures brain structure and activity directly
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Clinical Observations
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-naturalistic observation: clinicians observe clients everyday
-log observation: observe them in an artificial setting -self monitoring |
