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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Independent variable(s)
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causes or influences aspects of the person’s behavior you are interested in (DV)
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Dependent Variable
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behavior influenced by the IV
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Internal Validity
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Extent to which the results of a research study can be attributed to the Independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out.
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External Validity
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Extent to which research study findings generalize, or apply, to people and settings not involved in the study
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Confound
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any factor occurring in a research study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied.
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What 3 strategies are used to address confounds?
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1.Control Groups
2. Randomization 3. Analog Models |
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Analog Model
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"Artificial Studies"
Approach to research employing subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions. |
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Randomization
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process of assigning people to different research groups in such a way that each person has an equal chance of being placed in any group.
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Generalizability
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the extent to which results apply to everyone with a particular disorder
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What is the relationship between statistical and clinical significance
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Statistical significance:Are the results due to chance?
Clinical significance:Are the results clinically meaningful? -Statistical significance does not imply clinical meaningfulness Statistical significance:probability that obtaining the observed research findings merely by chance is small. Clinical significance:Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems. |
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Patient Uniformity Myth
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Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences.
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How is the case study method implemented and used? What are its weaknesses?
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Study of Individual Cases in detail:
–Extensive observation and detailed clinical description of client –Can provide information about a disorder, causes, & treatment –Foundation for early developments in psychopathology Limitations: –It does not use the scientific method –Lacks scientific rigor and suitable controls –Internal validity is typically weak –Often entails numerous confounds |
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Correlation
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Any statistical relation between two or more variables
– No independent variable is manipulated |
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Correlation and Causation
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correlation does not prove causation, only implies it
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Positive Correlation
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If there is a positive correlation, the correlation coefficient is closer to 1.
If it is 1, it is a perfect correlation. |
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Negative Correlation
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If it is a negative correlation, the correlation coefficient is closer to -1, meaning that there is a negative correlation.
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0 Corelation
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If the correlation is 0, it means that there is no relationship between the 2 variables and it is random.
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Epidemiological
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Incidence, distribution, & consequences of a problem in one or more population
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Prevalance
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number of people with a disorder at any one time
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Incidence
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number of estimated new cases during a specific period of time
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Placebo Effect
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when behavior changes as a result of a person’s expectation of change rather than as a result of any manipulation by an experimenter
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Why would it be important to use a double-blind control?
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Both participants and researchers are unaware of circumstances. So investigator won’t bias the outcome or experiment.
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How is comparative treatment research different from traditional research?
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Comparative treatment research has the groups each take different treatment and then compare them in the end. Traditional research uses a no-treatment control group as opposed to the comparative approach.
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What are examples of single case experimental designs?
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Repeated Measures
Withdrawal Designs Multiple Baselines |
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What is a withdrawal design?
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Used in a single-subject research in which a researcher tries to determine whether the independent variable is responsible for changes in behavior so they withdraw the IV
Condition evaluated before treatment (baseline) 1.Change in the IV is introduced and its effects on behavior assessed 2.Treatment is withdrawn and behavior is assessed to examine whether it tracks the withdrawal of the independent variable. |
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Why would a researcher establish a baseline before treatment? What is the purpose of multiple baselines?
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The person’s condition is evaluated before treatment to establish a baseline. Purpose of a multiple baseline is to measure two or more behaviors or on a single behavior in two or more situations in which a particular intervention is introduced for each at different times and then to see if any behavior change is due to intervention or not.
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Proband
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In genetics research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied. Also known as index study. Used in family studies.
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Familial Aggregation
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The tendency of Traits to run in families
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What do adoption and twin studies add to traditional familial research?
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Adoptee Studies
–Allows separation of environmental from genetic contributions -Identify adoptee with pattern/disorder and attempt to locate first degree relatives Twin Studies: –Evaluate psychopathology in fraternal vs. identical twins –Do monozygotic twins share the trait more often than dizygotic twins Problem: shared environment |
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Genetic Linkage Analysis
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–When a disorder is studied, other inherited characteristics (genetic markers) are also assessed
–Genetic markers are selected because we know their exact location. –If a match of link is discovered, the genes are probably close together on the same chromosome –Used in large groups of people with a particular disorder |
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Association Studies
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–Also uses genetic markers to compare people with or without a disorder. Compares such people with disorder with people without disorder
–If markers occur significantly more in people with the disorder then the markers are close to involved genes. –Association studies are better able to identify genes only weakly associated with a disorder. |
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Cross Sectional Design
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Researchers take a cross section of a population across the different age groups and compare them on some characteristic.
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Cohort
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participants in each age group
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Cohort effect
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Observation that people at different age groups also differ in their values and experience.
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longitudinal designs
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a.Evaluate same people over time and assess changes directly
b.Costly and Time consuming c.Danger that the original research question will become irrelevant |
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Cross-generalization effect
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Limit to the generalizability of longitudinal research
group under study may differ from others in culture and experience. |
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Informed Consent
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Ethical requirement in which research subjects participate only after they have received full disclosure about the nature of the study and their role in it.
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Athlete who reportedly attempted Suicide
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Terrel Owens
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Why did Dr. Cleavenger scare the class?
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To help us feel what anxiety feels like and how different people react in different ways.
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Anxiety
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Mood state characterized by marked negative affect and bodily symptoms of tension in which a person apprehensively anticipates future danger of misfortune.
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Fear
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emotion of an immediate alarm reaction to present danger or life threatening experiences
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When does anxiety become abnormal?
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•Pervasive & persistent symptoms of anxiety & fear
•Involves excessive avoidance & escapist tendencies •Causes clinically significant distress & impairment •Occurs in the absence of real threat or danger |
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What criteria must be met for an event to be a panic attack?
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AT LEAST 4 SYMPTOMS WITHIN 10 MINUTES
-Abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort -Accompanied by several physical symptoms -Not a codable disorder (must code the diagnosis) -4 or more symptoms must peak within 10 minutes |
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3 Subtypes of Panic Attacks
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Ready?
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Panic Attack Subtype 1
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Situationally Bound (Cued) Panic Attack
-Occurs immediately on exposure to, or in anticipation of, the cue/trigger |
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Panic Attack Subtype 2
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Unexpected (uncued) panic
-Onset is not associated with a situational trigger (out of the blue) |
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Panic Attack Subtype 3
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Situationally predisposed panic
-Occur on exposure to the situational cue or trigger, but are not invariably associated with the cue and do not necessarily occur immediately after the exposure (driving) |
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What area of the brain is most often associated with anxiety?
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Limbic System
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What is the BIS? Briefly explain the fight/flight system (FFS)
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not on the test
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Most psychological accounts of panic involve what two explanations types that are difficult to separate?
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Conditioning and cognitive
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What examples did the book give for stressful life events that may trigger anxiety vulnerabilities?
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Marriage
divorce difficulties at work death of a loved one social pressures to do well in school illnesses. |
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What are the three parts of the “Triple Vulnerability” theory?
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NOT ON TEST
-Generalized biological vulnerability -Generalized psychological vulnerability -Specific psychological vulnerability |
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How does comorbidity play a role in anxiety disorders?
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–Common across the anxiety disorders
–Suggests common factors across anxiety disorders –About half (55%) have 2 or more secondary diagnoses –Major depression is the most common secondary diagnosis •Anxiety and depression are closely related |
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
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Ready?
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 1 |
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 2 |
Panic Disorder (PD) with and without Agoraphobia
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 3 |
Specific Phobias
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 4 |
Social Phobia
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 5 |
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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6 Different Types of Anxiety Disorders
Type 6 |
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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6 or more months
3 symptoms or more -anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness. -Persists for 6 months or more (more days than not) -Somatic symptoms differ from panic (At least 3): a.Restlessness or feeling “keyed up” or on edge b.Difficulty concentrating (focusing) or mind going blank c.Easily fatigued d.Irritability e.Muscle tension f.Sleep disturbance i.Falling asleep ii.Staying asleep iii.or restless unsatisfying sleep |
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What is an autonomic restrictor?
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Term for people with GAD because they show lower heart rate, blood pressure, skin conductance, and respiration rate activity than do people with other anxiety disorders.
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What is GADs course?
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a.Yearly incidence: About 4% of the general population
b.One of the most common anxiety disorders c.Females to male ratio: 2:1 d.Onset is often insidious, beginning in early adulthood e.Tendency to be anxious runs in families |
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What treatment options are available for GAD?
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1.Benzodiazapines (mild tranquilizers) – Often prescribed
2. Psychological interventions – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy |
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What are the general requirements for Panic Disorder?
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-unexpected panic attack
-anxiety over a future attack |
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How does agoraphobia relate to panic disorder?
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Agoraphobia – Fear or avoidance of situations/events in which a panic attack might occur
a.Anxiety about being in places of situations in which escape might be difficult (outside the home alone, in a crowd, standing in a line, on a bridge, travel) b.Situations are avoided or endured with marked distress |
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How long must symptoms persist for one to meet criteria for a panic disorder?
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1 month of more
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What is the lifetime prevalence of panic disorder?
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3.5%
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How is PD treated and what is the typical outcome following discontinuance of medication?
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•Medication Treatment of Panic Disorder
–Target serotonergic, noradrenergic, and benzodiazepine GABA systems –SSRIs (e.g., Prozac and Paxil) – Preferred drugs –Relapse rates are high following medication discontinuation Psychological and Combined Treatments of Panic Disorder –Cognitive-behavior therapies are highly effective -No long-term advantage for combined treatments Best long-term outcome – Cognitive-behavior therapy alone |
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How does nocturnal panic relate to PD?
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Panic attacks occur more frequently between 1:30 am and 3:30 am than at any other time. Occurs during delta wave or slow wave sleep when the person is slowly “letting go”.
-they are not dreaming when it occurs so its not during REM sleep. -maybe sleep apnea |
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What gives the best long-term treatment outcome for PD?
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Psychological treatments 6 months after treatment has stopped. Not combining psychological and drug treatment.
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Specific Phobia
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Phobia of a specific stimulus
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4 Types of Phobias
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Ready?
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4 Types of Phobias
Type 1 |
Blood-Injury-Injection Type
(Onset: age 9) –Differs from all other phobias in vasovagal response –Has a strong genetic component |
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4 Types of Phobias
Type 2 |
Situational Type
(Onset: early to mid 20s) –Fear of public or enclosed spaces (planes, trains, elevators, small enclosed spaces) –Do not experience panic attacks outside feared situation |
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4 Types of Phobias
Type 3 |
Natural Environment Type
–Events occurring in nature (e.g., heights, storms, or water) –May be biologically prepared |
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4 Types of Phobias
Type 4 |
Animal Type
animals and insects |
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What are the 2 most common phobias?
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Snakes and Heights
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What will the typical patient of Seperation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)look like?
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Children
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4 Causes of Specific and Social Phobias
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ready?
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4 Causes of Specific and Social Phobias
Cause 1 |
Biological and evolutionary vulnerability
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4 Causes of Specific and Social Phobias
Cause 2 |
Direct conditioning (exposure to traumatic events)
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4 Causes of Specific and Social Phobias
Cause 3 |
Observational learning (Open up and say Ah!)
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4 Causes of Specific and Social Phobias
Cause 4 |
Information transmission (Being told of danger)
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Be able to differentiate between specific and social phobia
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Specific Phobia
Social Phobia-has to do with social situations (shyness, public speaking, etc) |
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Lifetime Prevalance of Social Phobia
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13.3%
Most prevalent Psychological Disorder |
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What treatment options are provided for Social phobia?
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Tricyclic antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors SSRI Paxil Relapse rates:High following medication discontinuation |
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To what type of exposure must one be exposed to be diagnosed with PTSD?
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– Experienced, witnessed, or confronted with an event/events involving actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to physical integrity of self or others
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Duration and Number of Symptoms Necessary for PTSD
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Duration: more than 1 month
# of Symptoms: 2 or more |
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What are the most common traumas experienced in PTSD?
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-Sexual Assault
-Accidents -Combat |
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What are the 4 Subtypes of PTSD?
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NOT ON TEST
Ready? |
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4 Subtypes of PTSD
Subtype 1 |
Acute PTSD
1-3 months of trauma |
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4 Subtypes of PTSD
Subtype 2 |
Chronic PTSD
after 3 mo. Of trauma |
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4 Subtypes of PTSD
Subtype 3 |
Delayed Onset PTSD after 6 mo. Of trauma
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4 Subtypes of PTSD
Subtype 4 |
Acute Stress Disorder immediately post trauma
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How is PTSD treated?
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a.Cognitive-behavioral treatment involves graduated or massed imaginal exposure
b.Increase positive coping skills and social support c.Cognitive-behavior therapies are highly effective |
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Define and differentiate between obsessions and compulsions
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Obsessions are intrusive and nonessential thoughts, images, or urges one tries to resist or eliminate, while compulsions are thoughts or actions to suppress thoughts such as hand washing, praying, etc.
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What kind of a purpose do the various compulsions play?
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Provide relief
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What is the lifetime prevalence of OCD? What is the prevalence in college?
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a.Lifetime is 2.6%
b.College is 10-15% |
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What are the medical and psychological treatments for OCD?
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Medication Treatment of OCD:
-Clomipramine and other SSRIs – Benefit about 60% -Psychosurgery (cingulotomy) – Used in extreme cases -Relapse is common with medication discontinuation Psychological Treatment of OCD Cognitive-behavioral therapy – Most effective for OCD CBT involves exposure and response prevention Combined treatments – Not better than CBT alone |
